Ch9 Intro To Power Supplies

Bridging Theory in Practice
Transferring Technical Knowledge

to Practical Applications
Introduction to Power Supplies
Introduction to Power Supplies
Intended Audience:
Electrical engineers with little or no power supply
background
An understanding of electricity (voltage and current) is
assumed
A simple and functional understanding of transistors is
assumed

Expected Time:
Approximately 60 minutes

Outline
1) What is a Power Supply?
2) Types of Power Supplies
3) Linear Voltage Regulator
4) Characteristics of Linear Voltage Regulators
5) Auxiliary Functions of Voltage Regulators
6) Types of Switching Voltage Regulators
7) Characteristics of Switching Voltage Regulators
8) Choosing Between Linear and Switching Voltage
Regulators
What is Electrical Power?

Time(s)
Energy(J)
P
Time(s)
(C) Charge
Charge(C)
Energy(J)
P
I V P
Current Voltage Power
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=
=
=
Electrical power (P) is equal to the product of electrical
current (I) and a voltage (V).
C 1.6x10 - electron 1
s
J
Watts
Seconds s
Joules J
Coloumbs C
: Units
19 -
=
=
=
=
=
( ) J/s W 10 P
1A 10V P
: Power Calculate
1A I
V 10 V
Current and Voltage Given
: Example
=
=
=
=
Power has not changed since collegiate physics: P = V * I
Output power is the product of the output current and the output voltage
Input power is the product of the input current and the input voltage
Input power must always be greater than output power
What is a Power Supply?
Electrical Definition of Power Supply
Conversion of a voltage into an desired voltage
Example: Car Battery (12 V) Microprocessor (5 V)
Efficiency Example:
P
IN
= (12 V) x (1 A) = 12 W
P
OUT
= (5 V) x (1 A) = 5 W
The remaining 7W (12 W 5 W) of power is lost as heat
The efficiency is:

Power Supply
Output Input
Load
1) LED
2) Micro
Source
1) Battery (DC)
2) Wall Outlet (AC)
5 V
1 A
12 V
1 A
% 2 4
W 12
W 5
IN
P
OUT
P
~ = =
Power supplies are not
100% efficient.
Outline
Regulators
Types of Power Supplies AC-DC and
DC-DC Converters
Vin = 110Vac
Vout =
12Vdc
AC-to-DC
Converter
V
t
V
t
DC-to-DC
Converter
V
t
V
t
Vin =
12Vdc
Vout = 5Vdc
AC to DC
DC to DC
Power supplies can be categorized into AC-DC and DC-DC.
DC-to-DC
Converter
Buck
V
IN
> V
OUT
V
t
V
t
Vin = 12V
V
OUT
= 5V
DC-to-DC
Converter
Boost
Vin < Vout
V
t
V
t
Vin = 5V
V
OUT
= 12V
Boost - Step Up (Switching Regulator)
Buck - Step Down (Linear or Switching Regulators)
Types of Power Supplies DC-to-DC
Converters Types
DC-DC Converters can be categorized as Boost or Buck.
Buck can be Linear or Switching regulator.
Types of Power Supplies Input Voltage of
Step Down Converter
Buck -
Step Down
Converter
V
IN
> V
OUT
V
OUT
t
15V
10V
5V
0V
V
IN
t
15V
10V
5V
0V
The actual input voltage does not need to be a true DC value.
However V
IN
> V
OUT
for step down converter.
Types of Power Supplies
What is a Switching and Linear Power Supply?
Switching Power Supply
The pass transistor operates in a digital fashion.
When in regulation, the pass transistor (power transistor between the input and
output) is either completely on or completely off.
An external passive component is used in the architecture for energy storage and
transfer
Linear Power Supply
The pass transistor operates in an analog fashion.
When in regulation, the pass transistor (power transistor between the input and
output) is always on.
No additional passive component is needed to create the desired output voltage
What is a Linear Power Supply?
( ) ( ) B C I I =
Linear Power Supply
V
IN
V
OUT
Pass Transistor
Control
I
B
= 100 uA
I
B
= 200 uA
I
B
= 300 uA
Collector to Emitter Voltage
(V
CE
)
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
C
)
Saturation Linear
Cutoff
A linear power supply regulates the output by operating
the pass transistor in the linear/active region.
Types of Linear Power Supplies
1. NPN or Standard

2. PNP or Low Drop Out (LDO)

3. MOS Low Quiescent Current

Linear Power Supply
Input Output
Pass Transistor
Control
Linear power supply can be broadly labeled:
1. Standard
2. Low Drop Out
3. Low Quiescent
V
IN

V
OUT

CONTROL
V
CE
~ 0.5V
V
BE
~ 0.7V
V
BE
~ 0.7V
~ 2.0V
NPN or Standard Linear Regulators
NPN or Standard linear regulators use a NPN
Darlington pass transistor and ~ 2.0 V drop out
~ 1.2V
V
IN
V
OUT

CONTROL
V
CE
~ 0.5V
V
BE
~ 0.7V
Quasi Low Drop Out Linear Regulator
Quasi linear regulators use a single NPN pass
transistor ~ 1.2 V drop out
V
IN

V
OUT

CONTROL
V
EC
< 0.5V
I
QUIESCENT

PNP or Low Drop Out (LDO) Regulator
PNP or Low Drop Out (LDO) linear regulators use a
single PNP pass transistor and < 0.5 V drop out
V
IN
V
OUT

CONTROL
Charge
Pump
V
DS
< 0.5V
I
QUIESCENT
0
MOS LDO Low Quiescent Current Regulator
MOS linear regulators use a MOSFET as the pass transistor
offering low quiescent current and low drop out < 0.5 V.
Summary of Linear Voltage Regulators
Standard Linear
Regulator
Low Drop Linear
Regulator
Low Quiescent
MOS Linear
Regulator
Drop Out Voltage 3 1 (Tie) 1 (Tie)
Quiescent
Current
3 2 1
Features 3 2 1
Cost 1 2 3
Total
(Lower is better)
10 7 6
V
IN
V
OUT
CONTROL
V
IN
V
OUT
CONTROL
V
IN
V
OUT
CONTROL
Charge
Pump
V
IN
V
OUT
CONTROL
Charge
Pump
Outline
Regulators
V
REF
V
IN
V
OUT
V
INT
Control
Block
OVERTEMP
V
REF
Pass
Transistor

Voltage
Divider

1) Op Amp
2) Protection
Bandgap
Reference

Linear Voltage Regulator
Functional Diagram
Pass (Output) Transistor
Below, the output transistor is PNP bipolar junction transistor
The emitter-base voltage of the transistor will be adjusted in
an analog fashion to maintain the proper output voltage
V
IN
V
OUT
V
INT
V
REF
Resistor Divider
The resistor divider is from the output to
ground
Resistors are sized such that the intermediate
node is equal to the bandgap reference voltage
under typical conditions
Voltage Regulator
V
OUT

R
6

R
7

V
INT

V
INT
= (V
OUT
)(R
7
) = V
REF
R
6
+ R
7

Operational Amplifier
If V
INT
is higher (lower) than V
REF
, the operational
amplifiers output voltage increases (decreases).
This decreases (increases) the V
EB
voltage, and V
OUT

will decrease (increase).
V
IN
V
OUT
V
INT
V
REF
+
-
V
EB
I
B
I
C
Bandgap Voltage Reference
Internally generated with tight tolerance, traditionally ~
1.2V
V
OUT
will be built from reference voltage (V
REF
)
TARGET
V
REF

+ 2%
+ 1%
V
REF, nom
- 1%
- 2%
PACT s0784-b-1 ch. sta (29v*287c) 28-Dec-1 page 1
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25
lo 4.9 hi 5.1
TEMP
4,89
4,92
4,95
4,98
5,01
5,04
5,07
5,10
5,13
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Temp
V
REF

V
REF
= V
BE
+2(R
2
/R
1
)V
T
ln10
Current Limit and Short Circuit Detection
The current through an alternate collector tap is measured. If
it is too high, the regulator can limit the current from
increasing further (current limit) or turn itself off (short circuit
detect)

V
IN
V
OUT
V
INT
V
REF
Control
Block
Over Temperature Detect
At temperature increases, the V
BE
necessary to turn
on a NPN decreases, so above 150C, the transistor
turns on and OVERTEMP goes LO

V
IN
V
OUT
V
INT
V
REF
Control
Block
OVERTEMP
V
REF
+
-
V
BE
Outline
Regulators
Characteristics of Linear Voltage
Regulators
1.Output Voltage Accuracy
2.Output Current
3.Dropout Voltage
4.Quiescent Current
5.Thermal Resistance

Characteristics of Linear Voltage Regulators
Output Voltage Accuracy
Characteristic

Output Voltage

Output Voltage
Symbol

V
OUT

V
OUT
Min

4.90

4.80
Typ

5.00

5.00
Max

5.10

5.20
Unit

V

V
Condition

I
OUT
= 1mA
V
IN
= 14V

1mA < I
OUT
< 50mA
6V < V
IN
< 30V
1
2
Output Voltage Accuracy characterizes how reliable the output voltage
will be under various operating conditions.
Consider the entire operating condition when viewing the accuracy.
Output Current
Characteristic

Current Limit

Current Limit

Short Circuit
Current
Symbol

I
LIM

I
LIM
Min

100

150

200
Typ

200

300

---
Max

---

400

---
Unit

mA

mA

mA
Condition

V
OUT
= V
OUT,TYP
-100mV
T
JUNCTION
= 25C

V
OUT
= V
OUT,TYP
-100mV
-40C < T
JUNCTION
< 125C

-40C < T
JUNCTION
< 125C

I
SC
Output Current Limit is the maximum amount of
current that can be sourced by the regulator.
Drop Out Voltage
Characteristic

Dropout Voltage

Dropout Voltage
Symbol

V
DROP

V
DROP
Min

---

---
Typ

0.20

0.40
Max

0.30

0.60
Unit

V

V
Condition

I
OUT
= 1mA
V
OUT
= V
OUT,TYP
100mV

I
OUT
= 100mA
V
OUT
= V
OUT,TYP
100mV

Drop Out Voltage is the minimum voltage differential
between the linear regulators input and output
that is required for voltage regulation.
Example:
Given:
VDROP = 0.3 V
VOUTPUT = 5.0 V
Calculate Minimum Input Voltage (VINPUT = VOUTPUT + VDROP)
VINPUT = 5.0 V + 0.3 V = 5.3 V
VINPUT = 5.3 V MIN
Quiescent (Ground) Current
Characteristic

Quiescent
Current

Quiescent
Current
Symbol

I
Q

I
Q
Min

---

---
Typ

100

4
Max

200

8
Unit

A

mA
Condition

I
OUT
< 1mA
V
IN
= 14V

I
OUT
= 50mA
T
JUNCTION
= 85C
Quiescent Current is the current
consumed by the voltage regulator.
Thermal Resistance
Characteristic

Thermal
Resistance
Junction-Ambient

Thermal
Resistance
Junction-Case
Symbol

R
thja

Min

---

---
Typ

---

---
Max

120

35
Unit

C/W

C/W
Condition

Package mounted on
FR4 PCB
80x80x1.5mm
3

To lead frame

R
thjc

Thermal resistance indicates how much heat can be conducted by the regulator.
Lower thermal resistance better thermal performance
( ) ( )
thj a D AMBIENT JUNCTION
R P T T + =
Thermal Resistance Calculation Example
Voltage Regulator
V
IN

V
OUT

I
IN
I
OUT

I
q

( ) ( )
C/W 286
W 0.227
C 85 C 150
R
P
T - T
R
: n Calculatio Resistance Thermal
thj a
D
AMBIENT JUNCTION
thj a
=

=
= ( ) ( ) ( )
W 0.277 P
mA) (0.5 V) (14 mA) (30 V) 5 - V (14 P
I V I ) V - (V P
n Calculatio Power
D
D
q IN OUT OUT IN D
=
+ =
+ =
2
3
GIVEN:
1) V
IN
= 14 V
2) V
OUT
= 5 V
3) I
OUT
= 30 mA
4) I
q
= 0.5 mA
5) T
AMBIENT
= 85 C
6) T
JUNCTION
= 150 C
1
Outline
5) Auxillary Functions of Voltage Regulators
7) Characteristics of Switching Voltage
Regulators
8) Choosing Between Linear and Switching
Voltage Regulators
Auxillary Functions of Voltage Regulators
Inhibit Function
Some voltage regulator outputs that can be
enabled or disabled with an INHIBIT input
When a voltage regulator is turned off, the
quiescent current drops dramatically
Characteristic

Quiescent
Current

Quiescent
Current

Quiescent
Current
Symbol

I
Q

I
Q

I
Q
Min

---

---

---
Typ

100

4

1
Max

200

8

2
Unit

A

mA

A
Condition

I
OUT
< 1mA
V
IN
= 14V

I
OUT
= 50mA
T
JUNCTION
= 85C

INHIBIT = TRUE
Reset Function
Most automotive modules are controlled by a microcontroller with a crystal
oscillator stabilization time of 1 10 ms.
Only when a stable clock signal is available, can a microcontroller be correctly initialized
A Reset signal is sent from the linear voltage regulator to the microcontroller to
indicate an established and valid operating voltage.
A small (~100nF) external capacitor controls the reset delay timing
Watchdog Function
A microcontroller can be monitored through a watchdog
circuit
Periodically, a microcontroller is expected to strobe (pet)
the watchdog to let the watchdog know it is still functioning

Voltage Regulator Microcontroller
V
OUT

STROBE
RESET
time
RESET
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

STROBE
Watchdog
Watchdog Function
However, if the microcontroller forgets to pet the watchdog,
a software problem may have occurred
Therefore, the voltage regulator resets the microcontroller to
bring it to a known state

Voltage Regulator Microcontroller
V
OUT

STROBE
RESET
time
RESET
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

Missing STROBE
Watchdog
Early Warning Function
Senses an analog input and then a transmits a digital signal to a
microcontroller once the analog input threshold has been
triggered.
Commonly used to provide an Early Warning to the
microcontroller that the battery voltage has dropped and reset
may occur.
Voltage
Regulator
V
BA
T

V
IN

WARN_IN
R
SI1

R
SI2

V
OUT

WARN_OUT
Microcontroller

RESET
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
OUT

RESET V
IN

WARN_OUT
time
Outline
Regulators
Voltage Regulators
Types of Switching Voltage Regulators
Inductive and Capacitive
Inductive
Switching Regulators
Uses inductor or transformer
for passive charge control
Output current may range from
1mA to many Amps
PCB design is moderately
complex
Traditionally used in
automotive applications

Automotive grade parts
Capacitive
Uses external capacitor(s)
for passive charge control
Relatively low output
current for the price

PCB design is relatively
simple
Not traditionally used in
automotive applications
Few automotive grade parts
Inductive Buck Regulator (V
OUT
< V
IN
)
Buck
Regulator
V
IN
V
SWITCH
V
OUT
V
FEEDBACK
Inductive Boost Regulator (V
OUT
> V
IN
)
Boost
Regulator
V
IN
V
SWITCH
V
OUT
V
FEEDBACK
Additional Inductive Switching Regulators
Inverting Regulators
V
OUT
= - V
IN

Buck-Boost Regulators
V
IN,MIN
< V
OUT
< V
IN,MAX

Multiple Output Regulators
V
OUT1
= 2V
IN
, V
OUT2
= -V
IN

V
IN
= 16V, V
OUT1
= 3.3V, V
OUT2
= 5V, V
OUT3
= 12V

Outline
Regulators
Voltage Regulators
Characteristics of Switching
Voltage Regulators
Linear & Switching
1. Output Voltage
Accuracy
2. Output Current
3. Dropout Voltage
4. Quiescent Current
5. Thermal Resistance
+
Switching
1. Switching
Frequency
2. External
Components Size
and Cost
3. Ripple Voltage
4. Efficiency
Characteristics of Switching Regulators
Switching Frequency
Frequency is probably the most often cited
characteristic of a switching regulator

Usually (but not always!), high frequency translates
into:
Higher efficiency
Smaller external components
Higher price

High frequency can also mean additional design
problems
External Components, Size and Cost
The design of a power supply is a true engineering challenge
in the optimization of performance, price, and space

Larger valued, higher quality, higher price external
components usually translate into higher performance

An optimal power supply design, however, will meet the
required performance requirements while using acceptable
external components (smaller values of inductance and
capacitance, higher values of parasitic resistance)

Possible value ranges may approach two orders of magnitude
Ripple Voltage
Because the switching power supply is constantly being
switched on and off, the output voltage will oscillate
around a typical value
V
TYP
V
MIN
V
MAX
Power Supply
Charging C
OUT
Load
Discharging C
OUT
Characteristics of Switching Voltage
Regulators Efficiency
The most important characteristic of a switching regulator is
efficiency because this is the primary reason for their use.
Efficiency will also vary with output current load, input
voltage, and temperature
95%
85%
75%
65%
0.5A 0A 1.0A
Load Current
Efficiency vs. Load Current
V
IN
= 24V
V
IN
= 12V
95%
85%
75%
65%
20 10 30
Input Voltage (V)
I
LOAD
= 100mA
I
LOAD
= 1A
Efficiency vs. Input Voltage
Outline
Regulators
Voltage Regulators
Choosing Between Linear and
When possible, most designers would prefer
to use a linear voltage regulator rather than a
switching voltage regulator
Why Linear?
1. Linear regulators are usually lower in price
2. Linear regulators are usually simpler to
implement
3. Linear regulators do not have associated
noise/ripple problems apparent in switching
regulators
Choosing Between Linear and
When to use a switching regulator:
1. When the minimum input voltage is at or below the desired output
voltage because linear regulators cannot provide an output voltage
greater than the input voltage
2. The heat sinking of a linear regulator is prohibitive in price or space

3. The efficiency of a linear regulator cannot maintain the junction
temperature below the specified maximum (150 C)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
mA 152
39 5 - 16
85 - 150
I
R V - V
T - T
I
R
T - T
P
: n Calculatio Current Output
OUT
thj a out in
AMBIENT JUNCTION
OUT
thj a
AMBIENT JUNCTION
D
s
-
=
-
=
=
Thank You!
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Ch9 Intro To Power Supplies

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Ch9 Intro To Power Supplies

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Bridging Theory in Practice

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