IMMUNITY BY

DR.MOHAMMAD KHALID
FCPS (Medicine)
4th MPH
PHSA PESHAWAR
OBJECTIVES:

To make the participants understand

1: the basics of immunity ?
2: innate vs. acquired immunity ?
3: active vs. passive immunity ?
4: immunity and immunization ?
5: disordered immunity ?
WHY TO KNOW
IMMUNITY
•CDC
•C=CONTROL
•HOW TO CONTROL AN
ATTACK?
DEFENCE
• COUNTRY
• ATTACKED
• TWO WAYS TO FIGHT
• HIRE A TRAINED FORCE - QUICK
• PREPARE OWN FORCE – TAKES
TIME
• WHICH IS BEST?
ATTACK INFECTION

INFECTION INFECTION

INFECTION
• DEFENCE

MAKE OWN HIRE

(ACTIVE) (PASSIVE)

PHYSICAL
(SKIN)
What Is Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the body
to specifically counteract foreign
organisms or substances, called
antigens.

Antigen? - foreign compounds which

initiate an immune response
Antibody? - proteins produced by B
lymphocytes which attack antigens
What Is Immune System (DEFENCE)?

The immune system is the system

of specialized cells and organs that
protect an organism from outside
biological and chemical influences.
Organs of the Immune System:

1:Primary organs:
Thymus: Responsible for maturation of the T cells.
Bone Marrow: Responsible for maturation of B cells.

2: Secondary organs:
- Spleen
-Lymphatic system
-Highly organized follicles are present in small
intestine (Peyerís patches) and tonsils
-Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS A
SERIES OF DUAL NATURES,

- self / non-self recognition,

- general / specific,
- natural/adaptive=innate/acquired,
- cell-mediated / humoral,
- active / passive,
- primary / secondary.
 INNATE IMMUNITY:

- faster-acting
- non-specific
- no stimulation needed for
activation
- It is genetically based and we pass it
on to our offspring.
- present from birth
- active round the clock
- INNATE IMMUNITY:

First-line defenses:

1: physical and chemical barrier

– skin and mucus coating of the

gut and airways

2: the stomach secretes gastric acid

-Second-line defense:

Phagocytic cells:

1: Phagocytic cells ( macrophages and

neutrophil granulocytes) that can engulf

(phagocytose)

2: Phagocytosis involves chemotaxis –

chemotactic chemicals – adhesion -by
opsonization, opsonins-ingestion-reactive
oxygen species and proteases
- Anti-microbial proteins:

-several classes of antimicrobial proteins

a: acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein)

b: lysozyme, and the complement system
c: The complement system is a very complex group

of serum proteins

- interferons - secreted by virus-infected cells

RBCs
macrophage
 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
-adaptive immune system
-ensure full/partial immunity against
reinfection by the same organism
-based on specialized cells called
lymphocytes ,produced by stem cells

in the bone marrow

-Lymphocytes - two major types: B
cells and T cells.
- Roughly 80% of them are T cells,
- 15% B cells and
- 5 % are null Lymphocytes.

- B cells produce plasma cells which

then produce antibodies
- T cells become T helper (CD4) or
cytotoxic (CD8) lymphocytes
- If acquired immunity is due to B cells

or antibodies (IgA,IgG,IgM,IgD and

IgE) it is also called Humoral
immunity.

- If acquired immunity is due to T

cells
it is also called Cellular immunity
Acquired Immunity
A. Is either active or passive
B. Either , naturally acquired or
artificially acquired
 Active acquired immunity

- Long-lasting (usually life-long)

- Develops after exposure to antigen
- The body manufactures antibodies
or sensitized lymphocytes itself
– actively
1.This exposure may occur "naturally"
(NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE
IMMUNITY)
a) It is accidental

b) That is, the host unintentionally comes in contact

with the antigen

c)  Examples are naturally acquired diseases and infections

(1)    primary antibody response

  IgM appear first followed much later by IgG
(2)    secondary antibody response
IgG is produced in high concentrations as a
result of memory cell formation
2.This exposure may occur artificially
(ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE
IMMUNITY)
a)    It is deliberate and planned

b)    That is, the host is intentionally exposed to the antigen

c)    For example, the infant (or adult) receives 
        immunizations at  the doctor's office 

        The individual undergoes a primary and secondary 
        antibody response
 Passive acquired immunity

1. Is short-lasting
2. Is a "gift" of antibodies produced
outside the host's body
3. Mother to newborn
4. Emergency – ATS , ARG
5. Protection for sometime until
active immunity develops
1. This acquisition of antibodies may occur
"naturally" (NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE
IMMUNITY)

a) also known as congenital immunity

b)  maternal antibodies transferring to the fetus

through the placenta - IgG

c)    maternal antibodies transferring to baby

through mother's milk -IgA, with trace amounts
of IgG and IgM
2.This acquisition of antibodies may occur
"artificially" (ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE

IMMUNITY)

a) This occurs as a result of antibodies to a particular

antigen being deliberately injected into the host

b) Antiserum – ATS, ARabiesS , Antidiptheria serum

c) Gamma globulins – ATG, Gamma immune, ARG

APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNITY:

- Vaccination
-active artificial immunity

- Serology is the use of laboratory tests to detect

antigen and antibody reactions to diagnose infections
or do many other tests

- Herd immunity - ?
CONTROL OF INFECTION
• Vaccine Vs Anti-serum Or Ig
• TT Vs ATS or ATG
• TOXIN – TOXOID
• LIVE ATTENUATED VIRAL / BACTERIAL
VACCINES
• DEAD BACTERIAL VACCINES
• SUB-UNIT VACCINES
Live vaccines:
 viral infections. measles, mumps,
rubella and chicken pox (varicella)
 bacterial vaccine consisting of a
strain of Mycobacterium bovis,
Bacillus Calmet Geurin (BCG)
 carry a serious risk of causing
overt disease in some
 Can revert to their pathogenic
form and cause serious illness.
DEAD / Killed vaccines:
• whole organisms inactivated by
heat, chemicals or UV irradiation
• influenza, hepatitis A, yellow fever,
cholera, typhoid, Pertussis
• Serious reaction as with Pertussis
Sub-unit vaccines:
 subcomponents of the pathogenic
organisms , usually proteins or
polysaccharides.
 Hepatitis-B, rabies vaccines consist of
antigenic proteins
Toxoid:
 diphtheria, tetanus, cholera

SYNTHETIC / RECOMBINANT
MOLECULAR / DNA VACCINE
ADJUVENTS
ROUTES OF ADMINISREATION OF VACCINES

• I/D – BCG
• I/M – HB VACCINE , DPT
• S/C – MEASLES

BCG MEASLES SKIN

________________________

DPT HEP B IM

BACTERIAL VIRAL
 IMMUNE DISORDERS:

Attenuated Or Low Response:

HIV,Steroids,Malnutrition,pregnancy

Exaggerated Response :
Autoimmune disorders,
IDDM,RA,SLE,drug reactions,
THANKS