RAG 121

ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE 1
LECTURE 2
©Assoc.Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Majid Ismail
GBI: INTRODUCTION - SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES & GREEN BUILDING
INDEX & ECOLOGY
website:
http://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilation

08/16/09 1
 LECTURE 2
CLIMATOLOGY
• Firman Allah
– “Angin itu membawa awan yang berat
(mengandungi wap air), lalu turun air
hujan daripadanya untuk menumbuhkan
tanam-tanaman……………..
(Surah Al A’raf ayat 57)

08/16/09 2
 LECTURE 2
CLIMATOLOGY
• Allah says:
– “It is He who send the winds like heralds
of glad tidings going before His Mercy
(rain): when they have carried the
heavy-laden clouds, We drive them to a
land that is dead, make rain to descend
thereon, and produce every kind of
harvest there with: thus shall We rise up
the dead; perchance ye may remember.
Al A’raf verse 57

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 BASIC CLIMATOLOGY
• THE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATE
– BASIC DETERMINANT IN DESIGN
DECISION MAKING ESPECIALLY IN THE
DESIGN OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
• CLIMATIC DETERMINANTS
– ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS
• TROPOSPHERE, TROPOPAUSE,
STRATOSPHERE, STRATOPAUSE,
MESOPHERE, MESOPAUSE, MESAPAUSE &
TERMOSPHERE.
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 ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS

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 • EARTH MOVEMENT SYSTEM
• EARTH ORIENTATION OR AXIS
DETERMINED THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR
RADIATION RECEIVED.
25.50

470

900

SOLAR
470 RADIATION

25.50

25.50
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 • EARTH ROTATION AROUND THE SUN IN
THE FORM OF “ELLIPSE” RESULTED IN
THE FORMATION OF SEASONS AND
CLIMATES. EQUINOX
(MAC)

SOLTICE
SOLTICE (DEC)
(JUN)

EQUINOX
(SEPT)

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 • DEFINITION
– CLIMATE
• A REGION WITH SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC
INCLUDING TEMPERATURE, DRYNESS, WIND,
LIGHT AND OTHER SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS.
• AN INTEGRATION IN TIME THE PHYSICAL
CONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE I.E
CHARACTERISTIC OF A CERTAIN LOCATION.
– WEATHER
• A SHORT DURATION OF AN ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITION OF A SPECIFIC LOCATION.
– EXAMPLE: THE WEATHER IN PENANG TODAY IS
PREDICTED TO BE HOT AND SUNNY IN THE EARLY
MORNING BUT RAINING IN THE LATE AFTERNOON.
– IN TROPICAL CLIMATE, HEAT IS A MAJOR
PROBLEM. THEREFORE PROTECTION FROM
HEAT AND RAIN IS REQUIRED ALMOST
THROUOUT THE YEAR. THE MEAN ANNUAL
TEMPERATURE ≥ 20OC.

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 CLIMATE AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITH
BUILDINGS
• BASIC HUMAN NEED (PHYSICAL)
– FOOD, SHELTER, CLOTHING
• BASIC FUNCTION SHELTER/HOUSE
– PROTECT OCCUPANTS FROM:
• EXESSIVE CLIMATE (CLIMATIC FILTER)
• DANGER
• UNCOMFORTABLE CONDITION
– ROOM FOR ACTIVITIES
• RESTING, SLEEPING ETC.
• INDOOR RECREATION
• PRIVACY

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 • TYPE OF HOUSING NEEDED NORMALLY
DEPENDS ON TIME AND LOCATION.
• DESIGN REQUIREMENT:
– STUDY THE REQUIREMENT OF EACH
INDIVIDUAL OCCUPANT (BUILT FOR EACH
INDIVIDUAL & FAMILY MEMBERS)
– STUDY THE “STYLE” &
CONSTRUCTION/STRUCTURE OF
TRADISIONAL/EXISTING HOUSES BEFORE
DESIGNING ANY NEW ONE – TRADISIONAL
ARCHITECTURE IS A PRODUCT OF
EXPERIENCE & EXPERIMENTATION
THROUGH TIME WHERE ADAPTATION &
CONSIDERATION ON LOCAL
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION HAS BEEN
CAREFULLY TAKEN CARE.

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 – MODIFYING FACTORS SUCH AS CLIMATE,
GROUND CONDITIONS, LOCAL BUILDING
MATERIALS & TOPOGRAPHY HAS
DIVERSIFIED THE FORMS OF TRADISIONAL
OR “INDIGENOUS” ARCHITECTURE.
• THESE FACTORS HAS LEAD TO
DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANNING,
“MASSING” & CONFIGURATION OF
TRADISIONAL HOUSES IN DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE WORLD WITH DIFFERENT
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS (HOT,
MODERATE & COLD CLIMATES)

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 • MICRO CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:
– SOLAR & WIND MOVEMENT
• DETERMINE THE FORM OF PHYSICAL PLANNING
(LAYOUT & BUILDING ORIENTATION)
– GROUND COVER, HILLS DAN VALLEYS:
• DETERMINE THE DRAINAGE, SANITARY AND
ACCESSIBILITY SYSTEMS
– CLIMATIC ELEMENTS (RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION & WIND)
• INFLUENCE THE DESIGN OF EXTERIOR SECTION
OF BUILDINGS, ROOMS LAYOUT, LOCATION &
TYPES OF PARTITION, ROOF CONSTRUCTION &
OPENINGS.
• INFLUENCE THE TYPES OF BUILDING
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL.
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 • HOT – HUMID CLIMATE
– REDUCE THE HUMIDITY
– LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE
• HOT DRY CLIMATE
– INCREASE THE HUMIDITY
– LOWER DOWN THE TEMPERATURE

• EXAMPLE:
– LAYOUT: HOT-HUMID (SACTERED & DISTANCE)
– LAYOUT: HOT – DRY (COMPACT & SOLID)

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 LAYOUT (HOT-HUMID)

– “TRADITIONAL”

– “MODERN”

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 LAYOUT (HOT-DRY)

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 • “MASSING” & FORM
– HOT-HUMID:
• HOUSES ON STILTS
• SAHADED
• MANY & LARGE OPENINGS
• MINIMUM PARTITIONING

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 SECTION

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 – HOT DRY:
• SOLID MATERIALS
• SMALL OPENINGS
• ACTIVITIES ON THE ROOF IN THE EARLY EVENING

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 HOUSES WITH COURTYARDS
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 CLIMATE & WEATHER &
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
• RAIN & WIND
– NORMAL RAIN
• WORKS & LANDUSE (PADIFIELD, RUBBER, HOUSING)
• PLANTATION & AGRICULTURE
• FORESTRY, FISHING & GEOLOGY
• MINING & INDUSTRY
– EXTREME RAIN
• FLOOD & LAND SLIDE (HIGHWAY, SATTLEMENT HILL
SLOPES)

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 • DISTURBANCES TO AIR TRAFFIC (DESIGN
OF AIRPORTS)
• HIGHWAY TRAFFIC (FLASH FLOOD,
ACCIDENTS)
• INCREASED IN HUMIDITY (INSECT
BREEDING, FUNGUS & ROTTING)
• TOURISM SECTOR (HOTELS)
• CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
– EXTREME WIND (STORM,
HURRICANE)
• TALL BUILDINGS (STRUCTURAL DESIGN)
• ROOF & MAIN STRUCTURES
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR S (PLANNING,
WIND BARRIER)
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 • DROUGHT (NO RAIN FOR A
LONG DURATION –
CONTINUOUS DRY WEATHER)
– AGRICULTURAL SECTOR DROPPED
– FOREST PRODUCT DROPPED
– WATER STORAGE & CATCHMENT
SYSTEM (DRY/FAILED)
– BUILDING & FOREST FIRE
(PREVENTION & FIGHTING)

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 • NATURAL DISASTER
• DROUGHT
• EARTHQUAKE
• STORM/HURRICANE
• TSUNAMI
• HEAT WAVE
• SNOW
• EFFECT OF POLLUTION & DELAPIDATION
OF ENVIRONMENT
• LAND SLIDE
• FLOOD

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 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE

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 IS THIS NATURAL
DISASTER?

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 CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
• INFORMATION NEEDED :
– CLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT INFLUENCED
HUMAN COMFORT & ITS INTERACTION
WITH BUILDINGS
• FORM OF INFORMATION:
– MEAN, CHANGES & EXTREME
CONDITIONS

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 • ELEMENTS NEEDED IN BUILDING
DESIGN:
– AIR TEMPERATURE
– HUMIDITY
– SKY CONDITION
– SOLAR RADIATION
– RAIN & ITS DISTRIBUTION
– WIND MOVEMENT
– SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS (WIND, RAIN,
STORM, SAND STORM, HURRICANE
&TAIFOON)
• THIS FACTORS OR ELEMENTS NEED
TO BE ANALYSE & SIMPLIFIED
(HELPS DESIGNERS & BUILDING
OCCUPANTS).
08/16/09 27
 • AIR TEMPERATURE
– MEASURED USING THERMOMETER – UNIT 0C
– DBT (DRY BULB TEMPERATURE) – ACTUAL
TEMPERATURE MEASURED UNDER THE SHADE (IN A
STEVENSON SCREEN).
– MAXSIMUM & MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ( MAX.&
MIN.THERMOMETER)
– CONTINOUS RECORDS IN GRAPHICAL FORMS
(TERMOGRAPH)
– IMPORTANT TEMPERTURE DATA:
• MONTHLY OR DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE
• MONTHLY MEAN RANGE
• MONTHLY MAX.& MIN. AND EXTREMES
– IMPORTANCE:
• DETERMINE HUMAN COMFORT
• DETERMINE RELATIVE HUMIDITY

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 STEVENSON SCREEN

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 DIGITAL TERMOMETER

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 • HUMIDITY
– MEASUREMENT:
• ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (AH) – SUM OF THE
ACTUAL HUMIDITY AT A UNIT MASS OR UNIT
VOLUME (g/m3)
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH) – RATIO OF THE
TOTAL HUMIDITY CONTAINED TO THE HUMIDITY
THAT CAN BE ACCOMMODATED BY THE AIR AT
SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE (%)
• SATURATED HUMIDITY (SH) – TOTAL HUMIDITY
THAT CAN BE ACCOMODATED BY THE AIR:
• SH = AH/RH X 100
• HUMIDITY MEASURED USING WET & DRY BULD
HIGROMETER. THE RELATED RH TAKEN FROM
PSYCROMETRIC CART FROM THE RELATED
READINGS OF DBT & WBT.

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 – MEASUREMENT:
• MIN MONTHLY MAXIMUM, MIN MONTHLY
MINIMUM
• CONTINOUS RECORDING USING
HIGROGRAPH OR READINGS TAKEN
TWICE DAILY (AT 6:00 AM. MAXIMUM &
AT 15:00 HRS MINIMUM)
– IMPORTANCE:
• DETERMINE COMFORT
• INFLUNCED PROPERTIES OF BUILDING
MATERIALS
• CONTROL THE DRYING PROCESS OF
PAINTWORK

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 THERMOHYGROGRAPH

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 • SOLAR RADIATION
– MEASUREMENT:
• DURATION OF THE SUN SHINE IN A DAY
(HOURS/ DAY) – SUN SHINE RECORDER
• QUANTITY OF SOLAR RADIATION (W/m2) –
SOLARIMETER
– IMPORTANCE:
• INFORMATION ON THE DAILY MEAN
REQUIRED FOR PLANNING & DESIGN OF
BUILDINGS (TYPE & SYSTEM OF
INSULATION, FINISHES, SYSTEM OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS & METHOD OF
SHADING)

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 SOLARIMETER

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 • SKY CONDITIONS
– MEASUREMENT:
• DESCRIBES THE PRESENT OF CLOUDS IN
THE ATMOSPHERE – PRESENTED AS
PERCENTAGE OR PERTEN, PEREIGHT &
OKTAS (50% = 5/10 ATAU 4/8 → HALF OF
THE SKY HEMISPHERE OVERCAST BY
CLOUD).
– IMPORTANCE:
• DAYLIGHT DESIGN, OVERHANG &
SHADING DEVICES.

08/16/09 36
 • RAIN & PRECIPITATION
– MEASUREMENT:
• USING RAIN GAUGE (mm/DAY,
mm/MONTH, mm/YEAR)
• TOTAL RAIN PERMONTH SHOWS:
– SEASONAL PATTERN
– PREDICTION RAIN CATHCMENT POTENTIAL
– IMPORTANCE:
• TOTAL MAXIMUM RAINFALL & PROBABBLE
OF RAIN DURATION REQUIRED FOR:
– GUTTERS DESIGN, RAINWATER DOWNPIPES,
CONCRETE/COVERD AREA, DIMENSION &
ANGLE OF STORM DRAINS & CATHMENT AREA.

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 • RECORD OF MAXIMUM RAINFALL WITHIN
24 HOURS REQUIRED FOR:
– DESIGN OF DRAINAGE & CATCHMENT AREA
– RECORD OF MAXIMUM & MINIMUM SHOWS
THE DEVIATION FROM AVERAGE
– RECORD OF DRIVING RAIN IMPORTANT FOR:
• ROOF DESIGN
• COVERED WALKWAY
• PROJECTION & SHADING DEVICES
• LOCATION & SAIZ OF WINDOWS
• THUNDER STORMS (FREQUENCY &
INTENSITY)
– INSTALLATION OF LIGHTENING
RODS/WIRERING (TALL & ISOLATED
BUILDINGS)
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 • WIND
– MEASUREMENT
• SPEED & DIRECTION MEASURED USING COP
ANEMOMETER OR PITOT TIUB AT A HIGHT OF 10M
– 20M IN AN UNOBSTRUCTED OPEN FIELD.
• WIND DIRECTION DIVIDED INTO 8→ 16
CATEGORIES KOMPASS DIRECTIONS

NW N
NE

W E

SW SE
S

08/16/09 39
 – AN IMPORTANT NATURAL ELEMENT BUT
VERY DANGEROUS WHEN IT IS IN EXTREME
CONDITION
– BUILDINGS ARE SUPPOSED TO FACE THE
MAIN WIND DIRECTION FOR EASY ENTRY
THROUGH OPENINGS.
– RECORD FOR A PERIOD OF 20 25 YRS
(PREVAILING/ SECONDARY WIND) IS
REQUIRED – SPEED, DIRECTION & AVERAGE
FREQUENCY.
– IMPORTANCE:
• FOR HUMAN COMFORT (SPEED INSIDE & OUTSIDE
BUILDINGS)
• DETERMINE LIVE LOAD/ WIND AT BUILDING
STRUCTURE (BRACING & AERODYNAMIC)

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 PROPELLER ANEMOMETER

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 DIGITAL HOT WIRE
ANEMOMETER

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 DATA LOGGER

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 INTEGRATED
METEOROLOGICAL STATION

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 CLIMATIC
CONSIDERATION
• MACRO CLIMATE:
– CLIMATE FOR A DISTRCT (COVERING AN AREA
OF A STATE/ DISTRICT)
• MICRO CLIMATE:
– LOCAL DEVIATION OF CLIMATE OF A LARGE
AREA (CLIMATE OF A TOWN)
• SITE CLIMATE:
– CLIMATE OF A SMALL AREA – PROJECT SITE /
BUILDING SITE.

08/16/09 45
 – CLIMATIC DATA OF A CLIMATOLOGICAL
STATION REPRESENTS A MICRO CLIMATE.
THE INFORMATION WILL DIFFER FOR A
SMALLER LOCATION OR SITE CLIMATE.
• FACTORS CAUSING DEVIATION
– TOPOGRAPHY:
• HILL SLOPE, EXPOSURE, HILL & VELLY YANG
CLOSE TO THE SITE.
– SURFACE OF THE GROUND :
• NATURAL OR MAN MADE (TURFED, PAVED OR
PRESENT OF WATER ELEMENT) – TEMPERATURE
OF THE GROUND SURFACES.
– 3 DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS:
• BIG TREES, ROW OF TREES, WALL & BUILDING
(WIND MOVEMENT & SUN RADIATION)

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 AN EXAMPLE OF SITE
ANALYSIS

08/16/09 47
 • CLIMATIC ELEMENTS THAT ARE
CHANGES:
– AIR TEMPERATURE:
• INFLUENCD BY TOPOGRAPHY (EVERY 100M RISED
IN HEIGHT, TEMPERATURE DROP BY 10C)
– HUMIDITY:
• INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE & WATER (IF
THERE ARE WATER ELEMENTS OR COVERED WITH
TREES, EVEPORATION INCREASES → HUMIDITY
INCREASES)
– RAIN:
• IF THE WIND CARRYING CLOUD ARE IN THE SAME
DIRECTION AS THE WIND BLOWING TOWARDS A
HILL / CITY, RAINFALL WILL EXCEEDING THE
AVERAGE RAINFALL FOR THE AREA.

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 COLD AIR

DRY
HOT AIR SLOPE
HILL
CERUN
BASAH

COLD AIR
PARTICLES &
DUST IN
ATMOSPHERE

HOT AIR
CITY

08/16/09 49
 – SOLAR RADIATION
• INFLUENCED BY 3 FACTORS:
– BRIGHTNESS OF ATMOSPHERE (POLLUTION,
SMOKE, HAZE, MIST & CLOUDS)
– SITE ORIENTATION
– SLOPE
– WIND MOVEMENT
• INFLUENCED BY SURFACE TEXTURES.
– TOPOGRAPHY CHANGES THE DIRECTION OF
WIND FLOW.
– LAND & SEA BREEZE IA AN AREA 3 KM FROM
THE COAST.

08/16/09 50