PRESENTATION ON

CLIMATE CHANGE, ACID

RAIN,GREEN-HOUSE EFFECT

Prepared by:
Aadrasha Karki (THA075BIE001)
Amrit Thapa Magar (THA075BIE004)
Sangam Ghimire (THA075BIE034)
Sirjan Bhusal (THA075BIE041)
09/02/2021 1

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  CLIMATE CHANGE
# Climate change is a change in the pattern of weather, and related
changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, occurring over time
scales of decades or longer.
 # We can see and measure climate changes around the world.
Global temperature is warming, weather patterns are changing, polar
ice is melting, and sea level is rising.
# The main reason for climate change is due to increase in
CO2,Meathen and other gases in atmosphere and when sun get
inside earth surface some of the heat get trap in earth due to gases
which lead in increase in temperature of earth which is called
greenhouse effect.

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Example:

Hoover Dam, Nevada, USA (Drought) Melamchi, Nepal

Flood devastation in Melamchi not only because of rains

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Wildfire in Australia Flood in Africa
Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)

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Causes of Climate Change:

• Humanity’s increased use of fossil fuels – such

as coal, oil and gas to generate electricity, run
cars and other forms of transport, and power
manufacturing and industry.
• Deforestation – because living trees absorb
and store carbon dioxide.
• Increasingly intensive agriculture – which
emits greenhouse gases like methane and
nitrous oxide.
• Industrialization - industrialized countries have
built their economies by burning fossil fuels to
provide electricity, transport and to develop
industries. Developing countries are now
beginning to do the same, which has been the
cause of climate change 6
Effects & Consequences of Climate Change due to
Human Behavior:

• rising the temperatures of earth

• rising sea levels 
• higher ocean temperatures 
• an increase in heavy precipitation
(heavy rain and hail)
• shrinking glaciers

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 Effects & Consequences of Climate Change on Human and
on Our Environment:
• an increase in hunger and water crises, especially in
developing countries
• health risks through rising air temperatures and
heatwaves 
• economic implications of dealing with secondary
damage related to climate change 
• loss of biodiversity due to limited adaptability and
adaptability speed of flora and fauna  
• ocean acidification due to increased HCO3
concentrations in the water as a consequence of
increased CO₂ concentrations.

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Solution of Climate Change
• Increasing Afforestation program by increasing the awareness of
effect of climate change on human.
• Using alternative resources of fossil fuels, such as electricity motors
instead of petroleum and diesel motors.
• Minimizing the waste and harmful gases (CFCs, CO etc.) coming
from the industry by using other best alternatives.
• Circular economy: Reduce, Reuse & Recycle.

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 Acid Rain

Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any

form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric
or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in
wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even
dust that is acidic. Acid deposition can reduce the pH of
surface waters and lower biodiversity. As a global
environmental issue, it is frequently overshadowed by climate
change. Although the problem of acid rain has been
significantly reduced in some areas, it remains an important
environmental issue in major industrial and industrial
agricultural regions worldwide.

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Causes of Acid Rain:

• Acid rain is caused by the chemical reaction that begins when the
compound like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide released into the air.
• Power plants release the majority of sulfur dioxide.
• Nitrogen oxides is release when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to
produce electricity. In addition, the exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses
releases nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide into the air. These pollutants
cause acid rain.

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Effect of Acid Rain:

• On Human made structure:

Acid deposition also affects human-made structures. The most notable
effects occur on marble and limestone, which are common building materials
found in many historic structures, monuments, and gravestones. Sulfur
dioxide, an acid rain precursor, can react directly with limestone in the
presence of water to form gypsum, which eventually flakes off or is dissolved
by water. In addition, acid rain can dissolve limestone and marble through
direct contact.

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On lakes and river:

• Increasing amounts of acid deposition insensitive

areas caused thousands of lake sand streams in
world to become much more acidic than they had
been in previous decades. Acid-sensitive areas are
those that are predisposed to acidification because
the region’s soils have a low buffering capacity, or
low acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC). In addition,
acidification can release aluminum bound to soils,
which in its dissolved form can be toxic to both
plant and animal life. High concentrations of
dissolved aluminum released from soils often enter
streams and lakes. In conjunction with rising acidity
in aquatic environments, aluminum can damage fish
gills and thus impair respiration.

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Effects on forested and mountainous
regions:
Acid deposition has been implicated in the alteration of soil chemistry and the
decline of several tree species through both direct and indirect means. Poorly
buffered soils are particularly susceptible to acidification because they lack
significant amounts of base cations(positively charge dions) , which neutralize
acidity. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, which are the base cations
that account for most of the acid-neutralizing capacity of soils, are derived from
the weathering of rock, sand from wet and dry deposition. Some of these base
cations (such as calcium and magnesium) are also secondary plant nutrients that
are necessary for proper plant growth. The supply of these base cations declines
as they neutralize the acids present in wet and dry deposition and are leached
from the soils. Thus, a landscape formerly rich in base cations can become acid-
sensitive when soil-formation processes are slow and base cations are not
replaced through weathering or deposition processes.

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Solution to minimize Acid Rain

• Plantation
• Reduce in use of fossil fuel.
• Minimizing the use of S02 and NO2 gases in industries and laboratory.

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Green House Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s
surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some
of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated
by greenhouse gases.

The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the
Earth. This process maintains the Earth’s temperature at around 33
degrees Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be, allowing life on
Earth to exist.

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Condition Of Global Surface Temperature:
• Given the size and tremendous heat capacity of the
global oceans, it takes a massive amount of heat
energy to raise Earth’s average yearly surface
temperature even a small amount. The 2-degree
increase in global average surface temperature that
has occurred since the pre-industrial era (1880-
1900) might seem small, but it means a significant
increase in accumulated heat. That extra heat is
driving regional and seasonal temperature
extremes reducing snow cover and sea ice,
intensifying heavy rainfall, and changing habitat
ranges for plants and animals expanding some and
shrinking others.

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Effect of Green house effect
• Global warming and climate change.
• Rise of sea level
• Worsening health effects
• Disruption of the water cycle
• Changing forest and natural areas
• Challenges to agriculture and the food supply
• Effect on the ozone layer
• Effect on oceanic climate

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Solution for minizing the Green House Effect

• Reducing the uses of CO2.

•  Gas emissions can be reduced by making power on-site with renewables
and other climate-friendly energy resources. Examples include rooftop
solar panels, solar water heating, small-scale wind generation, fuel cells
powered by natural gas or renewable hydrogen, and geothermal energy.

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