OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM

Purpose is to optimize the real and reactive

power of a thermal power plant along with
emission control.

Fuzzy decision making methodology is
exploited to decide the generation schedule.

Weighting method is employed to generate the
non-inferior solutions.




OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM (contd)
Decision making theories attempt to deal with the
fuzziness inherent with the determination of
goals.

Regression analysis is performed between the
objectives and simulated weights to decide the
optimal operating point.

The validity of the proposed method is
demonstrated on a 5-bus,7-line system comprising
3 - generators
Problem Formulation
Optimal system in general involves the
consideration of economy of operation, system
security, emission of certain fossil fuel.

The problem deals with dual objective
mathematical problem i,e, to minimize the cost
and NOx emission satisfying the equality and
inequality constraints.

We try to set an equality between the generated
power and load demand.





Problem Formulation (Contd)
Minimize operating cost


Minimize Nox emission

Equality constraints


Inequality constraints



2
1
1
( ) ( ) /
Ng
i
F Pgi aiPgi biPgi ci Rs h
=
= + +

2
2
1
( ) ( ) /
Ng
i
F Pgi diPgi eiPgi fi Kg h
=
= + +

1 1
Ng Nb
i i
Pgi Pdi Ploss
= =
= +

1 1
Ng Nb
i i
Qgi Qdi Qloss
= =
= +

min max
Pgi Pgi Pgi s s
min max
Qgi Qgi Qgi s s
Calculation of Transmission loss
The transmission loss is been given by Krons formula



where Pi=Pgi-Pdi and Qi=Qgi-Qdi







where are the load angles at ith an jth buses.

( ) ( )
1 1
Nb Nb
loss ij i j i j ij i j i j
i j
P A PP QQ B Q P PQ
= =
= + +

( ) ( )
1 1
Nb Nb
LOSS IJ I J I J IJ I J I J
I j
Q C P P Q Q D Q P PQ
= =
= + +

cos( )
| || |
ij
ij i j
i j
R
A
V V
o o =
sin( )
| || |
ij
ij i j
i j
R
B
V V
o o =
sin( )
| || |
ij
ij i j
i j
X
D
V V
o o =
cos( )
| || |
ij
ij i j
i j
X
C
V V
o o =
iand j o o
Weighting Method
The dual objective is being converted into single objective
to generate non-inferior solution .
The optimization problem is being converted to scaled
optimization problem
Minimize
Subject to and the equality and
inequality constraints.
where Wk are the level of weighing coefficients,
L denotes the total number of objectives ,so K=1,2,
weighing coefficients vary from 0 to 1.








Non Inferior solution
The concept of non-inferiority is being used to deal
where there are multi objective.
A non-inferior solution is one in which an improvement
in one objective requires a degradation of another.

Formation of Augmented Function
The generalized augmented function is given as:
-



Where and are Lagrange multipliers, is
penalty factor, Newton-Raphson algorithm is
applied to obtain the non inferior solution for the
weight combinations.

p

k
r
Fuzzy Membership Function


(Fi)=
1 ;FiFi
min
(Fi
max
-Fi)/(F
i
max
-Fi
min
) ; Fi
min
FiFi
max
0 ; FiFi
max
Algorithm
Stepwise procedure to compute optimal weights is given
below :
Input the system data consisting of line data, fuel cost and
NOx emission coefficients , limits on active and reactive
power generations and demand etc.
Compute the loss coefficients,Ploss,Qloss.
Find the min and max values of each objective .This is
carried out by giving full weightage to one objective and
neglecting the other.
Simulate weight combinations by varying in a step size of
0.1 ,such that their sum remains one.
Algorithm(contd)
Generate non inferior solutions by solving the
equation of generalized augmented function.
Compute membership functions of the obtained non
inferior solutions.
Perform linear and quadratic regression analysis
between min values of membership functions of the
objectives and simulated weights.Normalize the
calculated weights.
Algorithm(contd)
The best set of decision vector is found by solving the
following problem.

minimize


2
*
1
j j
j
W F
=

Cost and Emission Equations

Fuel cost($/h) equation NOx emission (kg/h) equation
F11= 21.82P1+742.890P1+847.1484 F21= 63.23P1-38.128P1+080.9019
F12=13,45P2+830.154P2+247.2241 F22=64.83P2-79.027P2+028.8249

F13=20.35P3+843.205P3+0.85.6348 F23=31.74P3-136.061P3+324.1775

Line data
Line From To R (p.u.) X (p.u.) B (p.u)
1 1 2 0.02 0.06 0.030
2 1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025
3 2 3 0.06 0.18 0.020
4 2 4 0.06 0.18 0.020
5 2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015
6 3 4 0.01 0.03 0.010
7 4 5 0.08 0.24 0.025
Load data
Bus P (MW) Q (MVAR)
1 0.00 0.00
2 0.20 0.10
3 0.45 0.15
4 0.40 0.05
5 0.60 0.10
F
1
min
=2510.1890 $/h F
1
max
=2630.7660 $/h
F
2
min
=288.9621 kg/h F
2
max
=472.0815 kg/h
Minimum and maximum values of objectives.
w1 w2 F1 $/h F2 kg/h (F1) (F2)
1.0 0.0 2510.1890 472.0815 1.0 0.0
0.9 0.1 2512.9840 420.5560 0.9768243 0.2813764
0.8 0.2 2519.5700 382.9547 0.9222018 0.4867141
0.7 0.3 2528.4620 354.7825 0.8484571 0.6405602
0.6 0.4 2540.0210 333.6010 0.7525877 0.7562307
0.5 0.5 2552.8300 317.7413 0.6463594 0.8438293
0.4 0.6 2566.7110 306.1468 0.5312364 0.9061556
0.3 0.7 2581.4590 298.0304 0.4089232 0.9504788
0.2 0.8 2597.9300 292.7366 0.2723252 0.9793876
0.1 0.9 2614.1650 289.8492 0.1376812 0.9951557
0.0 1.0 2630.7660 288.9621 0.0 1.0
Weights objectives Membership function
NON-INFERIOR SOLUTIONS
weights objectives Membership
function
Standard
Error
Case-1 Cost ($/h) 0.531403 2548.6830 0.6807518 0.003532
Nox
emission(kg/h)
0.46859 322.2189 0.8183873 0.012301
Case-2 Cost ($/h) 0.58467 2541.9070 0.7369482 0.011931
Nox
emission(kg/h)
0.415321 330.8562 0.7712197 0.026760
Comparison of Results
Bus PG QG PD QD P Q V
1 0.6038 -0.0641 0.00 0.00 0.6040 -0.0703 1.060000 0.00
2 0.3028 0.0887 0.20 0.20 0.1021 -0.0111 1.05184 -.02551
3 0.7602 0.1137 0.45 0.15 0.3109 -0.0364 1.05077 -.02864
4 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.05 -0.4001 -0.0499 1.04591 -.04105
5 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.10 -0.5999 -0.1000 1.02883 -.07370
Generation Load Injected power Voltage Profile
Best power schedule and voltage profile of proposed method
Conclusions
In the dual objective problem it is realized that cost
and NOx emission are conflicting in nature.
Fuzzy decision making methodology is exploited to
decide the best generation schedule.
Regression analysis is performed between min
satisfaction level of the objectives and simulated
weights to decide the optimal operating point.
Cost and NOx emission are calculated at the optimal
values of weights.
References:
[1]- Fuzzy Decision making for economic-emission
load dispatch problem, Lakhwinder Singh, J.S.Dhillon.
[2]- Fuzzy satisfying multi-objective generation
scheduling based on simplex weightage pattern
search, Y.S.Brar, J.S.Dhillon and D.P.Kothari
[3]- Secure multi objective real and reactive power
allocation of thermal power units, Lakhwinder Singh,
J.S.Dhillon.
Thank You