CHAPTER 16 Engineering Drawings and Symbols
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Material to be Covered
Chapter 16: Sections 1 5
Outline
In this chapter we will
Discuss the need for conventional
engineering symbols and drawings
Show how vital information for an object is
communicated to others using
Orthographic views Isometric views Sectional views
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Outline
In this chapter we will
Introduce basic rules of an engineering
drawing
Showing dimensions Specifying material size Indicating finished surfaces
Show some common symbols used in civil,
electrical, and mechanical engineering
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Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to
Introduce engineering graphical
communication principles
To discuss why engineering drawings are
important
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Importance of Engineering Drawing
a picture is worth a thousand words In engineering, a good drawing is worth
even more than a thousand words
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Importance of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawings are important in
conveying useful information to other engineers and machinists
Allow the readers to visualize what the proposed product would look like Provide information on dimensions and material used to make the proposed product Provide views from the top, the side, and the front
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Orthographic Views
Orthographic views show what an objects projection looks like when seen from the top, the front, or the side
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Orthographic Views
Relative locations of the top, bottom, front, back, right-side, and left-side view
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Orthographic Views
Views needed to fully describe an object
Top view Front view Right-side view
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Orthographic Views
Three types of lines used in orthographical
views
Solid lines represent Visible edges of the planes Intersection of two planes Hidden or dashed lines represent An edge of a plane Extreme limits of a cylindrical hole inside the
object Intersection of two planes not visible from the direction you are looking
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Orthographic Views
Centerlines represent Line of symmetry Center of holes Center of cylinders
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Orthographic Views
Some objects can be fully described with one view or two views
Washer can be described by 1 view and thickness
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This object can be described by 2 views: front and top
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Example 16.1 Orthographic Views
Given: object as shown Find: draw the orthographic views Solution:
Top view
Front view
Side view
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Dimensioning and Tolerancing
American National Standard Institute
(ANSI) sets the standards for the dimensioning and tolerancing practice for engineering drawings
Every engineering drawing must include
Dimensions Tolerances Materials from which products will be made Finished surfaces marked Other notes such as part numbers
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Dimensioning
Two concepts when specifying dimensions
Size Location Dimension lines Provide information on the size of the object Extension lines Lines that extend from the points to which the
dimension or location is to be specified Lines are drawn parallel to each other with dimension line placed between them
Basic dimensioning practice
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Dimensioning
Leaders Arrows that point to a circle or a fillet for the
purpose of specifying their sizes
Fillet Rounded edges of an object Size, radius of roundness must be specified Information box contains Name of person who prepared the drawing Title of the drawing Date Scale Sheet number and drawing number
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Dimensioning
leader
centerline dimension line extension line
Basics of dimensioning practice
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Example 16.2 Dimensioning
Given: an object and its dimensions are shown below Find: show dimensions in the orthographic views Solution:
Top view
Orthographic views
Front view
Side view
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Tolerancing
Engineered products generally consist of
many parts
Would everything fit correctly if the actual dimension of machine part is off from the specified value?
Must specify a tolerance on your drawing
regarding the machine part dimension
For example, 2.50 cm +/- 0.01 cm
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Isometric View
Isometric drawing shows the 3-dimensions
of an object in a single view
Use to visualize objects that are difficult to visualize in their orthographic views
Also called technical illustrations
Used to show parts or products in parts
manuals, repair manuals, and product catalogs
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Isometric Drawings Procedures
We will use the object shown to illustrate the steps of isometric drawings
Step 1 Draw width, height, and depth axes
Step 2 Measure and draw total width, height, and depth of object
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Isometric Drawings Procedures
Step 3 Create the front, top, and side work faces
Step 4 Complete the drawing as marked by the remaining line numbers
Original
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Isometric Drawings Procedures
Step 5 Erase unnecessary lines to yield final drawing
Step 5
Original
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Example 16.3 Isometric Drawings
Given: object as shown Find: draw isometric view of object Solution:
Step 1 Draw width, height, and depth axes
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Example 16.3 Isometric Drawings
Step 2 Measure and draw total width, height, and depth of object
Original
Step 3 Create the front, top, and side work faces
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Example 16.3 Isometric Drawings
Step 4 Complete the drawing
Original
Step 5 Erase unnecessary lines
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Sectional Views
Sectional views are used when objects
have complex interiors
Reveal the inside of the object Created by making an imaginary cut through the object The direction of the sight is marked using directional arrows
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Sectional Views
A sectional view of an object
Identifying letter
on solid section
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Sectional Views
Based on how complex the inside of an
object is, different methods are used to show sectional views
Common section types
Full section views Created when the cutting plane passes
through the object completely
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Sectional Views
Half-sectional views Used for symmetrical objects Draw half of the object in sectional view Draw the other half of the object as exterior view Can show interior and exterior views of an object
using one view
Rotated section views Used when the object has a uniform cross
section with a shape that is difficult to visualize Section is rotated 90o and is shown in the plane of view
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Sectional Views
Removed sections Similar to rotated section Rotated section views are removed from the
view itself and shown adjacent to the view Used for objects with a variable cross section Generally many cuts through the section are shown
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Sectional Views Illustrations
Rotated sectional view
Full sectional view
Half-sectional view
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Removed sectional view
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Example 16.4 Sectional Views
Given: object as shown on the right Find: draw sectional view of object as marked by the cutting plane Solution:
Solid material Original Sectional view
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Engineering symbols
Why do we need engineering symbols?
Symbols are language used by engineers to convey Their ideas Their solutions to problems Their analyses of certain situations
Conventional engineering symbols
Convey information Effectively communicate to other engineers
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Examples of Engineering Symbols
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Examples of Engineering Symbols
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Summary
You should have a good understanding of
the importance of engineering drawings in conveying information to other engineers, machinists, and assembly personnel
You should understand what is meant by
orthographic views, isometric drawing, and sectional views.
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Summary
You should understand basic rules for an
engineering drawing
You should know when to use isometric
views and finished surfaces You should be familiar with the different types of sectional views
Showing dimension Specifying material size Indicating finished surfaces
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Summary
You should know why we need and use
engineering symbols to communicate among ourselves
You should be familiar with some of the
common civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering symbols
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Engineering Drawing and Symbols
Questions?
