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Chap 2 (1) - DC Generator
Chap 2 (1) - DC Generator
DC generators : dc machines used as generator. Five major types of dc generators, classified according to the manner in which their field flux is produced:
Separately excited generator: In separately excited generator, the field flux is deri ed fro! a separately po"er source independent of the generator itself# Shunt generator: In a shunt generator, the field flux is deri ed $y connecting the field circuit directly across the ter!inals of the generators# Series generator: In a series generator, the field flux is produced $y connecting the field circuit in series "ith the ar!ature of the generator# Cumulatively compounded generator: In a cu!ulati ely co!pounded generator, $oth a shunt and series field is present, and their effects are additi e# Differentially compounded generator: In differentially co!pounded generator% In a differentially co!pounded generator, $oth a shunt and a series field are present, $ut their effects are su$tracti e#
DC Generators
These various types of dc generator differ in their terminal voltage!current" characteristic, and the application is depending to which is suited. DC generators are compared #y their voltages, power ratings, efficiencies and voltage regulations:
VR =
Vnl V fl V fl
100%
) simplified e(uivalent circuit of a DC generator, with &F com#ining the resistances of the field coils and the varia#le control resistor
Fig : *eparately excited DC generator ) separately excited DC generator is a generator whose field current is supplied #y a separately external DC voltage source %T ' )ctual voltage measured at the terminals of the generator +, ' current flowing in the lines connected to the terminals. -) ' +nternal generated voltage. +) ' )rmature current.
The terminal characteristic of a separately excited dc generator a" with and #" without compensating windings -) ' ."
Ta'e note a$out the axes $et"een !otors ( and ind) and generators (*T and I+)
For DC generator, the output (uantities are its terminal voltage and line current. The terminal voltage is %T ' -) / +)&) +) ' +," *ince the internal generated voltage -) is independent of +), the terminal characteristic of the separately excited generator is a straight line.
0# Change the speed of rotation. +f 5 increases, then -) ' .65 increases, so %T ' -) ! +)&) increases too. 1# Change the field current. +f &F is decreased, then the field current increases +F '%F7&F ". Therefore, the flux 6 in the machine increases. )s the flux rises, -)' . 5 must rise too, so %T ' -) / +)&) increases.
I A = IF + IL VT = E A I A R A VT IF = R F
8ecause of generator supply it own field current, it re(uired voltage #uildup Figure : The e(uivalent circuit of a shunt DC generator.
E A = K res
This voltage, -) a volt of two appears at terminal of generators", and it causes a current +F to flow in the field coils. This field current produces a magnetomotive force in the poles, which increases the flux in them. -), then %T increase and cause further increase +F, which further increasing the flux and so on. The final operating voltage is determined #y intersection of the field resistance line and saturation curve. This voltage #uildup process is depicted in the next slide
*everal causes for the voltage to fail to #uild up during starting which are : Residual !agnetis!. +f there is no residual flux in the poles, there is no +nternal generated voltage, -) ' 9% and the voltage will never #uild up. Critical resistance. :ormally, the shunt generator #uilds up to a voltage determined #y the intersection of the field resistance line and the saturation curve. +f the field resistance is greater than critical resistance, the generator fails to #uild up and the voltage remains at the residual level. To solve this pro#lem, the field resistance is reduced to a value less than critical resistance. Refer 3igure 4-50 page 675 (Chap!an)
Critical resistance
The direction of rotation of the generator may have #een reversed, or the connections of the field may have #een reversed. +n either case, the residual flux produces an internal generated voltage -). The voltage -) produce a field current which produces a flux opposing the residual flux, instead of adding to it. 3nder these conditions, the flux actually decreases #elow res and no voltage can ever #uild up.
Figure : The terminal characteristic of a shunt dc generator )s the load on the generator is increased, I+ increases and so IA . I3 8 I+ also increase. )n increase in +) increases the armature resistance voltage drop +)&), causing *T ' -) !+)&) to decrease. ;owever, when *T decreases, the field current I3 in the machine decreases with it. This causes the flux in the machine to decrease< decreasing EA. Decreasing -) causes a further decrease in the ter!inal oltage, %T ' -) ! +)&)
) series DC generator is a generator whose field is connected in series "ith its ar!ature. 8ecause the field "inding has to carry the rated load current, it usually have fe" turns of hea y "ire. Clear distinction, shunt generator tends to maintain a constant ter!inal oltage while the series generator has tendency to supply a constant load current# The .irchhoff?s voltage law for this e(uation :
VT = E A I A ( RA + RS )
Figure : ) series generator terminal characteristic with large armature reaction effects The magneti@ation curve of a series DC generator loo4s very much li4e the magneti@ation curve of any other generator. )t no load, however, there is no field current, so *T is reduced to a ery s!all le el given #y the residual flux in the machine. )s the load increases, the field current rises, so EA rises rapidly. The +) &) $ &*" drop goes up too, #ut at the first the increase in EA goes up !ore rapidly than the IA(RA 8 RS) drop rises, so *T increases. After a "hile, the !achine approaches saturation, and EA $eco!es al!ost constant# At that point, the resisti e drop is the predo!inant effect, and *T starts to fall#
Figure : The e(uivalent circuit of a cumulatively compounded DC generator with a long shunt connection
) cumulatively compounded DC generator is a DC generator with #oth series and shunt fields, connected so that the !agneto!oti e forces from the two fields are additi e.
N SE FAR = IF + IA NF NF
The other voltage and current relationships for this generator are
I A = IF + IL VT = E A I A ( R A + RS ) VT IF = RF
)nother way to hoo4 up a cumulatively compounded generator. +t is the :short-shunt; connection, where series field is outside the shunt field circuit and has current +, flowing through it instead of +).
Figure : The e(uivalent circuit of a cumulatively DC generator with a short shunt connection
Field &esistance
IA (RA 8 RS)
%T at no load condition will #e the point at which the resistor line and magneti@ation curve intersect. )s load is added to the field current +e( and the resistive voltage drop A+) &) $ &F"B.
The upper tip triangle represents the internal generated voltage -). The lower line represents the terminal voltage %
)nd the e(uivalent shunt field current due to the series field and armature reaction is given #y :
N SE FAR I eq = IA NF NF
* IF = I F + I eq
or
N SE FAR I = IF IA NF NF
* F
The techni(ues availa#le for adjusting terminal voltage are exactly the same as those for shunt and cumulatively compounded DC generator: =. Change the speed of rotation, !# >. Change the field current, I3.