Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryotic average size: 0. -1. Um 2 - 8 um Basic shapes 3. Spirals / spirochetes - have 1 or more twist Structures External to the cell wall 1. Glycocalyx 2. Flagella 3. Axial Filaments 4. Fimbria 5 Pilus - used to transfer DNA from one cell to another.
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryotic average size: 0. -1. Um 2 - 8 um Basic shapes 3. Spirals / spirochetes - have 1 or more twist Structures External to the cell wall 1. Glycocalyx 2. Flagella 3. Axial Filaments 4. Fimbria 5 Pilus - used to transfer DNA from one cell to another.
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Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryotic average size: 0. -1. Um 2 - 8 um Basic shapes 3. Spirals / spirochetes - have 1 or more twist Structures External to the cell wall 1. Glycocalyx 2. Flagella 3. Axial Filaments 4. Fimbria 5 Pilus - used to transfer DNA from one cell to another.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
• Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus • Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Prokaryote Eukaryote
• One circular • Paired
chromosome, chromosomes, not in a in nuclear membrane membrane • No histones • Histones • No organelles • Organelles • Peptidoglycan • Polysaccharide cell walls cell walls • Binary fission • Mitotic spindle Prokaryote • One circular chromosome, not in a membrane • No histones • No organelles • Peptidoglycan cell walls • Binary fission Eukaryote • Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane • Histones • Organelles • Polysaccharide cell walls • Mitotic spindle Prokaryote • Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm • Basic shapes Arrangements 1. Coccus – “ Berry”, round, oval 2. Bacilli – Diplobacilli, Streptobacilli, Coccobacilli 3. Spirals / Spirochetes – have 1 or more twist Structures External to the Cell wall • 1. Glycocalyx • 2. Flagella • 3. Axial Filaments • 4. Fimbria • 5 Pilus Glycocalyx • Outside the cell wall • Usually sticky 2 types: 1. Capsule - neatly organized 2. Slime Layer - unorganized & loose • Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach • Capsules prevent phagocytosis ( Virulence Factor) • Flagella • Outside cell wall, for Locomotion • Made of chains of flagellin • Attached to a protein hook Axial Filaments
• Endoflagella, For Locomotion
• In spirochetes ( Treponema pallidum) • Anchored at one end of a cell • Rotation causes cell to move Fimbria & Pilus • Fimbriae - allow attachment (Neisseria gonorrhea) - hairlike, short
• Pili - used to transfer DNA from one cell to
another ( Sex pili) Cell Wall • Complex, Semi-rigid structure 1. Protects the interior of the cell (prevents osmotic lysis) 2. Maintains the shape 3. Point of anchorage of Flagella Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria), Virulence Factor Peptidoglycan - Polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) - Linked by polypeptides Gram-Positive cell walls • Thick peptidoglycan • Teichoic acids • In acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid • May regulate movement of cations • Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation Gram-Negative Outer Membrane • Thin peptidoglycan • No teichoic acids • Outer membrane • Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids • Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics Gram Stain Mechanism Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell Gram-positive - Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan - CV-I crystals do not leave Gram-negative - Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan - CV-I washes out Structures Internal to the Cell Wall • 1. Plasma Membrane • 2. Cytoplasm • 3. Nuclear area • 4. Ribosomes • 5. Inclusion bodies • 6. Endospores Plasma Membrane / Cytoplasmic Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Large molecules – inhibited Small molecules – allowed to pass - H+, O, Lipid soluble • Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents. Movement Across Membranes • Simple diffusion – Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Facilitative diffusion - Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane. • Osmosis Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water Osmotic pressure The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma
membrane - 80% water, proteins, CHON, Lipids inorganic ions - where the nuclear area, ribosomes & ribosomes are found. Nuclear Area • Stores the bacterial genetic information. • No nuclear envelope • Attached to plasma membrane • Bacterial Chromosomes - single, long, continuously arranged double stranded DNA. • Plasmid - small, circular double stranded DNA separate from chromosomal DNA capable of replicating • Function of Plasmids: 1. Genes for antibiotic resistance 2. Tolerance to toxic metals 3. Production of toxins 4. Synthesis of enzymes Ribosomes
• Circular, Site of protein synthesis
• Site for antibiotic attachment Inclusions • Metachromatic granules • Polysaccharide granules • Lipid inclusions • Sulfur granules • Magnetosomes Endospores • Resting cells, formed when essential nutrients are depleted • Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals • Bacillus, Clostridium • Sporulation: Endospore formation • Germination: Return to vegetative state Eukaryotic Cells Flagella and Cilia Cell Wall • Cell wall Plants, algae, fungi Carbohydrates • Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan • Glycocalyx Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane No Peptidoglycan Plasma Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins • Sterols • Glycocalyx carbohydrates • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Simple diffusion • Facilitative diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles • Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances Organelles • Membrane-bound: • Nucleus Contains chromosomes • ER Transport network • Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion