Meiosis

Pgs. 96-100

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis - General Overview

Human body cells have 46 chromosomes Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes Takes place in sex cells (gametes): egg and sperm One cell becomes 4 NON-IDENTICLE cells

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes and Chromosome Number

Same length
Same centromere position

Carry genes that control the

same inherited traits One is from mother, one is from father = a matching set

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Haploid and Diploid Cells An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation. Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes. A cell with n chromosomes is called a haploid cell. A cell that contains 2n chromosomes is called a diploid cell.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis I The sexual life cycle in animals involves meiosis. Meiosis produces gametes.

When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis I Interphase Chromosomes replicate. Chromatin condenses.

Interphase

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis I Prophase I Pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Spindles form.
Prophase I

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis I Prophase I Crossing over produces exchange of genetic information. Crossing overchromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis I Metaphase I Chromosome centromeres attach to spindle fibers.

Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis I Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Anaphase I

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis I Telophase I The spindles break down.

Telophase I

Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei.

The cell divides.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis II Prophase II A second set of Prophase II phases begins as the spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes condense.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis II Metaphase II A haploid number of chromosomes line up at the equator.

Metaphase II

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis II Anaphase II The sister Anaphase II chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by spindle fibers and move toward the opposite poles of the cell.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis II Telophase II

The chromosomes Telophase II reach the poles, and the nuclear membrane and nuclei reform.

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

Meiosis II

Cytokinesis results in four haploid cells, each with n number of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis

The Importance of Meiosis

Meiosis consists of two sets of divisions

Produces four haploid daughter cells that are not identical Results in genetic variation

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Meiosis
Meiosis Provides Variation Depending on how the chromosomes line up at the equator, four gametes with four different combinations of chromosomes can result. Genetic variation also is produced during crossing over and during fertilization, when gametes randomly combine.

Mitosis vs Meiosis