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Meaning of Electricity

The word electricity itself is derived from
the Greek word Electrum, meaning amber.
The Greeks observed 2500 years ago that when
amber is rubbed on cloth, it attracts lightweight
articles like feathers, cloth, etc so that gave this
properly the name electric, i.e. having the
property to attract.

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Electric Current

When electron moves its flow is known as
Current. The electric current in a wire can
be compared with the flow of water in a
pipe. The comparison indicates three factors
for consideration:





1. The rate of flow of electrons
2. The force or pressure resistance to their movements
3. Opposition or resistance to their movements.

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Rate of Flow : Ampere

The rate of electron flow needs to be
measured as a quantity rate rather than as
simple speed,. and it has been made into
amperes, again in honor of French Physicist AM
Ampere (1775-1836). For e.g. 5 Amp, 15 Amp
etc.










Force/Pressure moving Electrons:
Volt

To use the motion of electrons, they
must be forced to drift along
through a wire in one direction, this
is measured in volts in honor of
Italian scientist Alessandro Volta
who constructed the first electric
battery.
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Resistance to Electron : Ohm

As water in the pipe is resisted to flow
upwards by the force of gravity or sideways by the
inertia of water itself or lack of pressure, electrons
inside a wire have similar problem. There is a sort of
internal friction that tries to slow down the flow of
electrons in a material. This is called electrical
resistance which is measured in Ohms in honor of
German electrician Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854)
who discovered Ohms Law stating

Ampere = Volt(V)
Ohm(R)
Watt
The watt is a derived
unit of power in the International System of
Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer
James Watt (17361819). The unit measures
the rate of energy conversion. It is defined as
one joule per second.
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Just a Recap
Definition of :

Electricity
Electric Current
Schematic Diagram of Electric Supply








By multiplying the voltage applied to the circuit with current flowing in the
circuit we get Watts.

Watts=V x I (for DC)

For Alternating Current (A.C.)
W=Voltage x Current x Power Factor
W=V x I x P.F.
Here, P.F. for heaters and bulbs= unit or one
For Motors, Chokes and fans it is generally 0.8.

To know the consumption of a 100 watts bulb.
First convert 100 watt to 1000 KW=100/1000
=100/1000 kw x 1 hour=1/10 unit per hour.

i.e. a 100 watt bulb consumes 1/10 of unit in 1 hour or if it burns for 10 hours it
consumes 1 unit.

Similarly a 60 watts bulb consumes 60/1000 x 1 hour
=6/100 unit per hour it consumes 1 unit.

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Schematic Diagram of Electric Supply
POWER HOUSE
SUB-STATION
METER ROOM
JUNCTION
BOX
SWITCH
BOARD
PLUG WITH
SWITCH
PLUG WITH
SWITCH
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Single
Phase
Wiring
Three
Phase
Wiring
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Single Phase
Incoming supply
showing Electricity
Board , Consumers,
Main Switch and
Fuse Distribution
Board.
powered either by a
single AC voltage or
current or by several
equal AC voltages or
currents that are
either in phase or out
of phase by 180
degree.

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Single Phase
Incoming supply
showing Electricity
Board ,
Consumers,
Main Switch and
Fuse Distribution
Board.
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Three-phase electric power is a common method of
alternating-current electric power transmission. It is a type
of poly phase system and is the most common method
used by electric power distribution grids worldwide to
distribute power. It is also used to power large motors and
other large loads.

A three-phase system is generally more economical
than others because it uses less conductor material to
transmit electric power than equivalent single-phase or two-
phase systems at the same voltage.
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Protection Methods

Basic Idea is
Restrict amount of current flowing the cable
Should be less than rating of the cable.


Basic Requirement :
Break the flow of current if its more than cable rating


Device available
Fuse
Circuit Breaker

Branch circuit wire sizes and fusing or circuit breakers used set the limit on the
total electrical load or the number of electrical devices that can be run at
once on a given circuit.


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Comparison of a fuse Vs MCB



Sr.No Fuse MCB
1 Not sure about Ratings 100% Sure about Ratings
2 Breaking Current / time not
uniform
Uniform breaking
current/time
3 Inconvenient to Use Convenient
4 Handling can be Dangerous IP 20 Protection
5 Low Short circuit breaking
capacity
Very High Breaking
Capacity in KA
6 Difficult to identify the Fault
Circuit
Ease in Identifying Fault
Circuit
7 Not Aesthetic Aesthetic
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Electrical Protection Devices



Electrical
Faults
Overload

Short Circuit

Earth Leakage
Protection
Device
MCB ELCB
Meaning Miniature Circuit Breaker Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker
Electromechanical protection devices which automatically
breaks a circuit in case of the electrical faults.
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THANK
YOU
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