Marine Science

Chemical & Physical Properties of Water

Distribution of the Earth ’ s Water
The Hydrologic Cycle
Marine Science
(Oceanography)
Oceanography (compound of the Greek
words ωκεανός meaning "ocean" and γράφω
meaning "to write"), also called oceanology
or marine science, is the branch of
Earth science that studies the Earth’s ocean
including the geological, chemical and
physical elements that interact to create the
ocean environment.


It covers a wide range of topics, including
marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics;
ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid
dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of
the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical
substances and physical properties within the
ocean and across its boundaries. These
diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that
oceanographers blend to further knowledge
of the world ocean and understanding of
processes within it: biology, chemistry,
geology, meteorology, and physics.
Oceanography has been divided into
four separate but related branches:


1.physical oceanography,
2.chemical oceanography,
3.marine geology, and
4.marine biology.
Physical Oceanography
(Marine Physics)
deals with the properties of seawater
(temperature, density, pressure, and so on),
its movement (waves, currents, and tides),
and the interactions between the ocean
waters and the atmosphere.
Chemical Oceanography
(Marine Chemistry)

h a s to d o w ith th e co m p o sitio n o f se a w a te r
a n d th e b io g e o ch e m ica lcycle s th a t a ffe ct it
Geological Oceanography
(Marine Geology)
focuses on the structure, features, and
evolution of the ocean basins.

B io lo g ica lO ce a n o g ra p h y
( Marine B io lo g y )

Marine ecology, also called biological oceanography,

involves the study of the plants and animals of the sea,
including life cycles and food production.
These branches reflect the fact that many
oceanographers are first trained in the
exact sciences or mathematics and then
focus on applying their interdisciplinary
knowledge, skills and abilities to
oceanography.
Data derived from the work of Oceanographers
is used in marine engineering, in the
design and building of oil platforms, ships,
harbours, and other structures that allow us
to use the ocean safely.
Oceanographic data management is the
discipline ensuring that oceanographic data
both past and present are available to
WATER
 WATER
Water is the ubiquitous chemical substance,
composed of hydrogen and oxygen, that is
essential for the survival of many known
forms of life.
Universal Solvent.
In typical usage, water refers only to its
liquid form or state, but the substance also
has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state,
water vapor or steam. Water covers 71% of the
Earth's surface. On Earth, it is found mostly
in oceans and other large water bodies,
Chemical and physical
properties


Water has several unique physical and
chemical properties that have influenced
life as it has evolved. Indeed, the very
concept of the Earth as biosphere is
dependent on the special physicochemical
properties of water.
Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at
standard temperature and pressure. The
color of water and ice is, intrinsically, a very
light blue hue, although water appears
colorless in small quantities. Ice also appears
colorless, and water vapor is essentially
invisible as a gas.


Water is transparent, and thus aquatic plants

can live within the water because sunlight
can reach them. Only strong UV light is
slightly absorbed.
Since oxygen has a higher electronegativity
than hydrogen, water is a polar molecule. The
oxygen has a slight negative charge while the
hydrogens have a slight positive charge
giving the article a strong effective dipole
moment. The interactions between the
different dipoles of each molecule cause a net
attraction force associated with water's high
amount of surface tension.

The dipolar nature contributes to water
molecules' tendency to form hydrogen bonds
which cause water's cohesive properties.


Water has a high surface tension caused by the

weak interactions, (Van Der Waals Force)
between water molecules because it is polar.
The apparent elasticity caused by surface
tension drives the capillary waves.
Water also has high adhesion properties
because of its polar nature.


Capillary action refers to the tendency of water

to move up a narrow tube against the force of
gravity. This property is relied upon by all
vascular plants, such as trees.

Water is a very strong solvent and is often
referred to as the universal solvent.
Substances that dissolve in water, e.g. salts,
sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases –
especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (
carbonation) – are known as "hydrophilic"
(water-loving) substances, while those that do
not mix well with water (e.g. fats and oils),
are known as "hydrophobic" (water-fearing)
substances.
All the major components in cells (proteins,
DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved
in water.

Pure water has a low electrical conductivity,
but this increases significantly with the
dissolution of a small amount of ionic material
such as sodium chloride.

The boiling point of water (and all other liquids)
is related to the barometric pressure. For
example, on the top of Mt. Everest water boils
at about 68 °C (154 °F), compared to 100 °C
(212 °F) at sea level. Conversely, water deep
in the ocean near geothermal vents can reach
temperatures of hundreds of degrees and
remain liquid.

Water has the second highest
specific heat capacity of any known
substance, after ammonia, as well as a high
heat of vaporization (40.65 kJ·mol−1 ), both of
which are a result of the extensive hydrogen
bonding between its molecules. These two
unusual properties allow water to moderate
Earth's climate by buffering large fluctuations
in temperature.

The maximum density of water occurs at
3.98 °C (39.16 °F).[11] Water becomes even
less dense upon freezing, expanding 9%. This
results in an unusual phenomenon: water's
solid form, ice, floats upon water, allowing
organisms to survive inside a partially-frozen
water body because the water on the bottom
has a temperature of around 4 °C (39 °F).


 ADR label for transporting goods dangerously reactive with

water

Water is miscible with many liquids, for
example ethanol, in all proportions, forming a
single homogeneous liquid. On the other
hand, water and most oils are immiscible
usually forming layers according to increasing
density from the top. As a gas, water vapor is
completely miscible with air.


Water forms an azeotrope with many other

solvents.
Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen
and oxygen.
As an oxide of hydrogen, water is formed when
hydrogen or hydrogen-containing compounds
burn or react with oxygen or oxygen-
containing compounds. Water is not a fuel, it
is an end-product of the combustion of
hydrogen. The energy required to split water
into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis or
any other means is greater than the energy
released when the hydrogen and oxygen
recombine.[12]
Elements which are more electropositive than
hydrogen such as lithium, sodium, calcium,
potassium and caesium displace hydrogen
from water, forming hydroxides. Being a
flammable gas, the hydrogen given off is
dangerous and the reaction of water with the
more electropositive of these elements may
be violently explosive.

Model of hydrogen bonds between
molecules of water
Water Distribution on
Earth


Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the
oceans contain 97.2% of the Earth's water.
The Antarctic ice sheet, which contains 90%
of all fresh water on Earth, is visible at the
bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can
be seen as clouds, contributing to the Earth's
albedo
Hydrology is the study of the movement,
distribution, and quality of water throughout
the Earth.
The study of the distribution of water is
hydrography.
The study of the distribution and movement of
groundwater is hydrogeology,
of glaciers is glaciology,
of inland waters is limnology and
distribution of oceans is oceanography.
Ecological processes with hydrology are in
focus of ecohydrology.
The collective mass of water found on, under, and
over the surface of a planet is called the
hydrosphere. Earth's approximate water volume
(the total water supply of the world) is
1,360,000,000 km3 (326,000,000 mi3).


A graphical distribution of the locations of water on

Earth.
 1,320,000,000 km3 (316,900,000 mi3 or 97.2%) is
in the oceans.
 25,000,000 km3 (6,000,000 mi3 or 1.8%) is in
glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets.
 13,000,000 km3 (3,000,000 mi3 or 0.9%) is
groundwater.
 250,000 km3 (60,000 mi3 or 0.02%) is fresh water
in lakes, inland seas, and rivers.
Groundwater and fresh water are useful or
potentially useful to humans as
water resources.

Liquid water is found in bodies of water, such
as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, canal,
pond, or puddle. The majority of water on
Earth is sea water. Water is also present in
the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor
states. It also exists as groundwater in
aquifers.

Hydrologic Cycle


The water cycle (known scientifically as the
hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous
exchange of water within the hydrosphere,
between the atmosphere, soil water,
surface water, groundwater, and plants.

Water moves perpetually through each of
these regions in the water cycle consisting of
following transfer processes:
evaporation from oceans and other water
bodies into the air and transpiration from
land plants and animals into air.
precipitation, from water vapor condensing
from the air and falling to earth or ocean.
runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.
What is Water Cycle?

It is the continuous movement of water from

the surface of the earth, that is the water
bodies on surface of the earth to air and vice
versa. This is an unending circle of
precipitation that is being formed, absorbed
and being created in multiple states of
matter: solid, liquid and gas.
The processes that are involved in the Water Cycle
are as follows:
 Evaporation- The process of water converted to
water vapor due to the heat of the sun.
 Condensation- The vapor cools and the vapor is
transformed into tiny droplets of water again as
the temperature decreases.
 Precipitation- Water comes back to the surface of
the Earth in the form of rain, snow and hail.
 Run Off- When some water stays on the surface of
the earth and the rest flows into the water bodies
like rivers, lakes, reservoirs, it is called run-off.
 Percolation- When the water on the surface of the
earth seeps down underground it is called
Percolation. It later forms aquifers in the low-
lying regions.
 Hydrologic
Cycle

In the hydrologic cycle, water is transferred between the land surface, the ocean, and the atmosphere. The numbers on
the arrows indicate relative water fluxes.
The present-day surface hydrologic cycle. The numbers in parentheses refer to volumes of water in millions of cubic
kilometres, and the fluxes adjacent to the arrows are in millions of cubic kilometres of water per year.
hydrosphere : General nature of the cycle
 

(Encyclopædia Britannica)


The present-day hydrologic cycle at the Earth's

surface is illustrated in . Some 496,000 cubic
kilometres of water evaporate from the land
and ocean surface annually, remaining for
about 10 days in the atmosphere before
falling as rain or snow. The amount of solar
radiation necessary to evaporate ...
Thank you !!!

Allan Rogelio M. Sobrevilla Jr.

References
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