PETE 410

NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

Ibrahim Kocabas
Petroleum Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Natural Gas Engineering
Learning Objectives of Lecture 5:

Concepts of OGIP, gas reserves and
recovery factor
Gas in place by volumetric equation
Material balance equation of dry and wet
gases
Decline curves for dry and wet gas
reserves

Basic concepts
Concepts:
OGIP: volume of gas at time of discovery
expressed in SCF
gas reserves: volume of gas that presently
exists and can be recovered economically
expressed in SCF
recovery factor: ratio of initial reserves to
OGIP

Methods to estimate basic
quantities
The following methods are applied to
estimate
OGIP: volumetric methods, MBE
gas reserves: Volumetric methods, MBE,
decline curve analysis
recovery factor: volumetric methods,
MBE and decline curve analysis

Estimation of Gas in Place
Volumetric methods:
Voluetric methods consider
the reservoir PV at intial conditions and
at later conditions after some fluid
production and
associated pressure reduction.

Used early in the life of the reservoir before
signifcant development and production
Estimation of Gas in Place
Accuracy of volumetric estimates depends on the
availability of sufficient data to characterize the
reservoirss
Areal extent
Variations in net thickness and
Ultimately to determine the gas bearing reservoir
PV
As more wells are drilled and more data become
available the accuracy of these estimates
improves


Estimation of Gas in Place
Data used to estimate the reservoir PV include
Well logs
Core analysis
Bottom hole pressures, BHP
Fluid sample analysis
Well tests


Estimation of Gas in Place
The avaliable data is used to develop subsurface
maps such as
Cross sectional maps help to establis reservoir
areal extent and to identify reservoir
discontinuities such as pinchouts, faults, gas
water contacts
Contour maps are constructed with lines
connecting equal elevations relative to a marker
formation. They portray the geologic structure
Isopachous maps are constructed with lines of
equal net gas bearing formation thickness.
Estimation of Gas in Place
With isopachous maps, the reservoir PV can be
estimated by plenimetering the areas between
isopachous lines and using an approximate volume
calculation technique. a Trapeziodal rule or b
Pyramidal rule as follows


A
n
is area enclosed by lower isopach line
A
n+1
is area enclosed by upper isopach line
( )
1
2
+
+ = A
n n
a
A A
h
V
( )
1 1
3
+ +
+ + = A
n n n n
b
A A A A
h
V
Estimation of Gas in Place
For a series of successive trapezoids the total volume
Becomes



Where t
ave
is the average thickness above the
maxumum thickness isopach line

( )
1 1 2 1 0
2 ..... 2 2
2
+
+ + + + + + = A
n n n
a
taveA A A A A A
h
V
Estimation of Gas in Place
Given the plenimetered
areas of this isopachous
map of an idealized
reservoir,
you are asked to calculate
net reservoir volume

Estimation of Gas in Place

( ) ft ac V
a
963 154 231
2
5
= + = A

( ) ft ac V
b
558 74 * 154 74 154
2
5
= + + = A
productive
area
planimeter
area* sq. in.
area
acres*
ratio of
areas
interval
h,feet equation
V
ac-ft
A0 19.64 450
A1 16.34 375 0.83 5 Trap. 2063
A2 13.19 303 0.80 5 Trap. 1695
A3 10.05 231 0.76 5 Trap. 1335
A4 6.69 154 0.67 5 Trap. 963
a
A5 3.22 74 0.48 5 Pyr. 558
b
A6 0.00 0 0.00 4 Pyr. 99
c
6713 ac-ft

( ) f t ac V
c
99 74
3
4
= = A
Average reservoir pressure
1. Arithmetic average of well pressures (for
small pressure gradients and uniform
thickness)
2. Average areal pressure (large gradients
and uniform thickness)
3. Average volumetric pressure
(large gradients and noniniform thickness)
Average reservoir pressure

Well average pressure


Areal average pressure


Volume average pressure
n
p
p
n
i
R

=
1

=
n
i
n
i i
R
A
A p
p
0
0

=
n
i i
n
i i i
R
h A
h A p
p
0
0
Average reservoir pressure
Average reservoir pressure
psia p
R
2743
4
10970
= =
psia p
R
2750
15760
100 341 43
= =
well. No
pressure
psia
drainage
area ac
p*A h,ft p*A*h A*h
1 2,750 160 440,000 20 8,800,000 3,200
2 2,680 125 335,000 25 8,375,000 3,125
3 2,840 190 539,600 26 1,409,600 4,940
4 2,700 145 391,500 31 12,136,500 4,495
10,970 620 1,706,100 43,341,100 15,760
psia p
R
2752
620
100 1706
= =
well aveage
areal aveage
Volume average
Average reservoir pressure
Volume average pressure based on isobaric
maps superposed on isopach maps




Same formula is valid expect we use block
volumes contained between isobars and
Isopachs as in the following figure.

=
n
i i
n
i i i
R
h A
h A p
p
0
0
Average reservoir pressure
Average reservoir pressure
psia p
R
2817
5 . 2579
000 519 726
= =
Volume average
area acres*
pressure
psia
h,ft A*h p*A*h
A 25.5 2,750 25 637.5 175,313,000
D 15.1 2,750 15 226.5 62,288,000
C 50.5 2,850 25 126.5 359,813,000
D 30.2 2,850 15 453.0 129,105,000
2579.5 726,519,000
Average reservoir pressure
Volume average pressure based on isobaric
maps superposed on isopach maps




Same formula is valid expect we use block
volumes contained between isobars and
Isopachs as in the following figure.

=
n
i i
n
i i i
R
h A
h A p
p
0
0
Gas in place: volumetric dry
gas reservoir
Assume that the PV occupied by the gas, i.e.
V
g
, and water saturation remain constant
during the production of the reservoir




3
43560 ft Ah PV | =
3
) 1 ( 43560 ft S Ah V
wi g
= |
SCF
B
S Ah
G
gi
wi
) 1 ( 43560
=
|
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Gas remained at abandonment is




3
43560 ft Ah PV | =
3
) 1 ( 43560 ft S Ah V
wi g
= |
SCF
B
S Ah
G
ga
wi
a
) 1 ( 43560
=
|
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Produced volume at abondonment




Recovery factor is




ga
wi
gi
wi
a p
B
S Ah
B
S Ah
G G G
) 1 ( 43560 ) 1 ( 43560

= =
| |
ga
gi
a
p
B
B
G
G G
G
G
RF =

= = 1
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Example. Given the following data calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric dry gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F |=20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Zi=0.860 Pa=500 psia
Za=0.970 ?
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Home exercise. Given the following data
calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric wet gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F |=20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Pa=500 psia
Assume the same properties of example 1.8
Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
If there is a water influx, gas remained at
abandonment is



Hence, produced volume at abondonment


SCF
B
S Ah
G
ga
wa
a
) 1 ( 43560
=
|
ga
wa
gi
wi
a p
B
S Ah
B
S Ah
G G G
) 1 ( 43560 ) 1 ( 43560

= =
| |
Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
Since (1-S
wa
)=S
gr
, amount produced is




Thus recovery factor becomes

ga
gr
gi
wi
a p
B
S Ah
B
S Ah
G G G
|
|
43560
) 1 ( 43560

= =
) 1 (
1
wi ga
gr gi
a
p
S B
S B
G
G G
G
G
RF

= =
Recovery Factor: water drive
dry gas reservoir
Assuming that non all of the reservoir is swept by
the encroaching water, the reservoir gas will
be divided into two portions.
gas remaining in the portion swept by the
water
trapped gas region because it was bypassed by
encroaching water
Thus produced gas becomes

t v a v p
G E G E G G ) 1 ( =
Recovery Factor: water drive dry
gas reservoir
In terms of PV saturations and FVFs




Thus recovery factor becomes
ga
wi
v
ga
gr
v
gi
wi
p
B
S Ah
E
B
S Ah
E
B
S Ah
G
) 1 ( 43560
) 1 (
43560
) 1 ( 43560

=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+

= =
v
v
wi
gr
ga
gi
v
p
E
E
S
S
B
B
E
G
G
RF
1
) 1 (
1
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Example. Given the following data calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
Water drive dry gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F |=20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Zi=0.860 Pa=750 psia
Za=0.55 Sgr=0.35 Ev=100 and Ev=60%%
Recovery Factor: volumetric
dry gas reservoir
Example. Given the following data calculate
Initial gas in place and recovery factor for a
volumetric dry gas reservoir
Pi=2500 psia A=1000 acres
T=180 F |=20%
Swi=25% h=10 ft
Zi=0.860 Pa=500 psia
Za=0.970 ?