PGPIBM (2009-11)

SOCIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
IN INDIA

Prepared By
Arpit Surana(4)

Dhaval Raninga(10)
 Social Infrastructure
§
§
qA system of social services,
networks and facilities that support
people and communities.


qSocial infrastructure is a means to

improve the human
condition and positively change
society's response to chronic
problems.
 HOUSING

Ø The  housing  se ctor is the  se cond 

larg e st e mploye r in India.


Ø In the  initial ye ars it was 

dominate d by ce ntral g ove rnme nt
& state  g ove rnme nt.


Ø In the earlier seventies the govt. 
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 State wise % distribution of houses
in major states in 2006

State Urban Rural

Owned Rented Others Owned Rented Others

Kerala 87.5 10.2 2.3 94.3 3.3 2.4

Gujarat 73.2 22.8 4.1 92.7 5.5 1.8
Maharashtra 67.2 28.5 4.4 90.0 6.6 3.4

Delhi 66.8 26.1 7.6 77.9 18.6 3.5

West Bengal 63.8 31.1 5.1 95.5 1.7 2.8

INDIA 66.8 28.5 4.7 94.4 3.6 2.1

 Rural housing Schemes

Ø
Ø Minimum need programme
house site(1971)
Ø
Ø Indira Awas yojna (1 9 8 5 ­8 6 )
Ø
Ø Housing  and urban 
de ve lopme nt   corporation.
(H.U. D. C. O)
Ø
Ø Dr. Ambedkar housing scheme.
Urban Housing schemes
q Social housing schemes for different income
groups with the budgetary support and
loans from HUDCO, L.I.C.
q As a part o f  Ne hru rozg ar yojana, ho
ar yojana using  
and she lte r up gradatio n sc he me  fo r the  
urban po o r was intro duc e d in 1989 with the  
po pulatio n be twe e n 1 and 20 lakhs.
q
q A sc he me  fo r footpath dwe lle rs was 
intro duc e d in 1989 to  pro vide  she lte r as 
we ll as sanitatio n fac ility.
•
Causes Of Housing
Problems
 In spite of all these effort
housing problem still remain
very serious problem because
of..


ØIncreasing Population
ØUrbanizations
ØHigh Pricing
•
What should be done?


 We need to gear up to
contribute substantially to the
housing stock through
streamlined efforts of Public ,
Private, Co-operative
,Community And Self Help
Sectors in order to see the
dream of “ shelter for all”---
kiran nanda (chief economist)
  HEALTH
Health 


qSituation at the 
time of 
independence 

At the


Infant mortality
time of


rate was 219 per 1000

independence, due and Life expectancy
to lack of medical was merely 32 year
facility death rate, still 1951.
infant mortality
rate, was very high

Life-Expectancy in different
countries.
Infant Mortality Rate From 1971-2007
 Steps taken to improve Life expectancy
Ø National Programmed:-
 This programmed was launched for the
control of small pox, malaria, tuberculosis,
leprosy and blindness.
Ø Public awareness programmed :-
 Through newspaper, magazine, radio,
television etc C.H.E.B inform people about proper
immunization, preventive measure against
epidemics.
•
Continue..
Ø Programmed have been undertaken to control
other communicable diseases including
diphtheria, whooping etc through better
sanitation, and immunization.
Ø
Ø In 1992, a Child Survival and Safe Motherhood
Programme was launched to provide for
universal immunization and safe motherhood
initiatives


Ø The target of these programmes is the low-

performing states and districts.
•
 Medical Facility in rural area
Ø Rural health system consist of two tier structure
Ø Primary Health Centre :- there are at present
approx 22,000 primary health centre.
Ø
Ø Community health centre :-2400 community
centre at village level.
Ø
Ø 6.5 lake trained dais (Female Doctor) 4.2 lake
health guides, beside a large number of rural
dispensaries are there in rural areas.
•
EDUCATIO
N
 Education level at the time independence

Ø At the time of independence, there was

widespread illiteracy and the level of
education was less than 15 %.


Ø In the year 1951, there were only 28

medical college with approximately
2700 student sty -ding there.
Major Causes of Low level of
Literacy
Ø The high rate of drop out particular girls from school.
Ø Dropping out and non attendance of children at the
primary stage to due to
 poor school facility
 unrelated curriculum
 Poor method of teaching
 Poverty
•
Measure to remove defect in
education system
qRestructuring Education system


qPromotion of literacy


qImprovement in primary education



qTechnical Education
 Measure to remove defect in
education system
 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (2001)


v The aim of SSA is to provide meaningful and quality education

to all children between the ages 6–14 by 2010.


v All children complete five years of primary schooling by

2007.


v All children complete eight years of schooling by 2008.



v Bridge social and gender gaps in primary education by 2007

and in elementary education by 2010.
•
Literacy Rate(% of People age 15
and above who are literate
Foreign Education in India
q Enable Local institution to become more
Competitive.
q force the local institutions to change their
curriculum and respond to the immediate
needs of the students.
q The degrees offered by these institutions will
become internationally comparable and
acceptable.
q Further, the FDI in education would create
new institutions and infrastructure and
generate employment.
•
Literacy Rate in Indian ( %)
WATER SUPPLY
Water Supply:
• Supply of safe drinking water in both rural and
urban areas is aimed at improving the
health status of the people.
• On the demand side, the increasing
population places severe strain on the
availability of water.
• Supply of drinking water is conditioned by
quantum of rainfall, quality of water and
availability of aquifers.
•
Continue
Ø A 2007 study by the Asian Development Bank
showed that in 20 cities the average
duration of supply was only 4.3 hours per
day.
Ø The longest duration of supply was 12 hours
per day in chandigarh
Ø The lowest was 0.3 hours per day in Rajkot.
Ø In Delhi residents receive water only a few
hours per day because of inadequate
management of the distribution system

Continue..
q Jamshedpur ,a city in Jharkhand with 573,000 inhabitants,
is said to be one of the few cities in India with
continuous water supply.


q Its water system is being operated by the private company

Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company (Jusco), a
subsidiary of TATA steel.
•
SANITATION
Ø
Ø
Ø The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has
significant negative health impacts.
Ø It was estimated in 2002 by the World Health
Organization that around 700,000 Indians die each year
from diarrhea.
Ø Most Indians depend on on-site sanitation facilities.
Recently, access to on-site sanitation have increased in
both rural and urban areas.
Ø In Mumbai that has provided access to sanitation for a
quarter million slum dwellers.
•
 Programmed for improvement
Ø UNDP-World Bank Water & Sanitation
Program
 The WSP mission is to assist poor people
gain sustained access to improved water and
sanitation services.


Ø The Program’s work focuses on two main

themes.
§ Rural water and sanitation.
§  Urban water and waste services
Public Toilets in Urban India
Ø Today, pay-and-use public toilets have
become well established across India


Ø  Most of them funded by municipalities and a

large proportion operated by
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) or
small contractors.


Ø These are often better maintained than

standard municipal toilets and are
consequently more popular with the public.
 Recreation and Leisure
Ø Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for
therapeutic refreshment of one's body or mind.


 While leisure is more likely a form of entertainment



Ø Common areas of recreation and leisure include:

1. Sports
2. Food and dining
3. Art, crafts, and sewing
4. Social clubs
5. Shopping
6. Gaming (Casinos, Computer/interactive, Gaming system)
7. Vacations
•
 Continue..
Ø As rural people needs to be introduced to a
variety of leisure activities, it is important to
design custom-made programmes to address
the special needs of the communities.


Ø As leisure is seen as an opportunity to alleviate

poverty and contribute to the improvement of
quality of life in these communities.
Expenditure on Social Sector.
 Conclusion

By studying the social infrastructure in India, we 
come to know that a lot has been achieved in social 
sector but  more has to be achieved . If the country 
moves at this rate during next decade as well, then 
it will become possible to improve the most 
important resource called human resources.
SOURCES :
• IIR2001,2008
• Indianreport.com
• Planning comission.com
• Infrastructure Today magazine
 www.tn.gov.in
 Book -Housing sector in India by V.balaji,T P
Rajmanohar


•
