Human Settlements Planning _ AR 8801

(Reg. 2017)
UNIT III RURAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 9
Rural development plans, programmes and policies from case studies.
Regional Plan. Area delineation, land utilisation plan, hierarchical system of
settlements, their sizes and functions.
Introduction

What is a Rural Development Programme?

Rural Development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic
well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely
populated areas. The term rural development is related to the overall development
of rural areas in a balanced and sustainable manner.

Why Rural Development Plans, policies and programmes?

• In India, out of total population of 121 crore, 83.3 crore live in rural areas (Census
of India, 2011). Thus, nearly 70 per cent of the India's population lives in rural
areas.
• These rural populations are characterised by mass poverty, low levels of literacy
and income, high level of unemployment, and poor nutrition and health status.
• In order to tackle these specific problems, a number of rural development
programmes are being implemented to create opportunities for improvement of
the quality of life of these rural people.
What are the objectives of Rural Development Programmes?
• Eradicating rural poverty
• Eradicating rural unemployment (generating demand for productive labour force
in villages)
• Alternative source of livelihood which reduces migration to urban areas
• Restricting child labour
• Alleviating poverty
• Creating self-sustaining villages (through productive assets creation such as road
construction, cleaning up of water tanks, soil & water conservation work, etc)
• Improving the health and educational status.
• Fulfilling the basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing of the rural
population.
• Reducing the gap between rural and urban people which helps to reduce
imbalances and speed up the overall development process of the nation
Few of the Rural Development Programmes in India

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

• Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (SBM)
• Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin)
• Pradhan Mantri Krushi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
• National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) Mission mangalam
• Mission Antyodaya
• National Rurban Mission
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
1. National Rurban Mission (NRuM)
Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM)
Large parts of rural areas in the country are not stand-alone settlements but part of a
cluster of settlements, which are relatively proximate to each other. These clusters
typically illustrate potential for growth, have economic drivers and derive locational
and competitive advantages.
Mission's Vision
The National Rurban Mission (NRuM) follows the vision of "Development of a cluster
of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with focus
on equity and inclusiveness without compromising with the facilities perceived to be
essentially urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of "Rurban Villages".
Mission's Objective
The objective of the National Rurban Mission (NRuM) is to stimulate local economic
development, enhance basic services, and create well planned Rurban clusters.
Mission's Outcomes
The larger outcomes envisaged under this Mission are: i. Bridging the rural-urban
divide-viz: economic, technological and those related to facilities and services. ii.
Stimulating local economic development with emphasis on reduction of poverty and
unemployment in rural areas. iii. Spreading development in the region. iv. Attracting
investment in rural areas.
Component Lists:
24/7 Piped Water Supply
Inter Village Road Connectivity
Environment
Tourism Promotion
Village Streets Lights
Public Transport
Health
Employment & SHG Formation
LPG Connection
Sanitation
Rural Housing
Solid & Liquid Waste Management
Skill Development Training
Social Infrastructure
Drain Facility
Agri services & Processing
Sports Infrastructure
Digital Literacy
Education
Social Welfare
Citizen Service Center
National Rurban Mission _ Case study
2. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin / Rural)
Purpose:
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana aims to provide homeless beneficiaries living in rural areas of the
state and families living in raw and dilapidated houses with basic amenities. Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (Rural) has been implemented from 30-11-2018.  The main objective of the Pradhan Mantri
Awas Yojana is to provide "dream home" to the rural families and raise their standard of living. 

Understanding and details of plans

• In the social and economic census conducted in the year 2011, for the families who were
registered as homeless or living in slums, under this scheme, Rs. 150,000 assistance is
provided.
• Apart from this, the beneficiary has to spend Rs. 15,610 / - under MGNREGA for construction
of his own house and Rs. 15,000 / - for toilets. 
• Under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Rural), a total of Rs.1,50,000 is provided in three
installments. First installment is Rs.60,000 as an advance before starting housing, the second
installment is Rs.30,000 , The third installment of Rs. 30,000 is paid when the accommodation
reaches the window sill level and remaining after the completion of the accommodation.
• Beneficiary is given a plot of 100 sq.m. free of cost by the state government for construction
of house.
• In order to make the houses qualitative and skilled artisans available in the rural areas,
besides conducting Kadiya training, a training program is also conducted to verify the
knowledge of the existing Kadiyas and certify them for their profession.
• The cost of unit assistance is to be shared between Central and State Government in the
ratio 60:40 in plain area and 90:10 for North Eastern and Himalayan States.

The Criteria for beneficiary:

Households without shelter

Destitute / living on alms
Manual scavengers
Primitive tribal groups
Legally released bonded labourer
Households with no adult member between 16 to 59
Female headed households with no adult male member between age 16 to 59.
Households with no literate adult above 25 years
Households with any disabled member and no able bodied adult member.
Landless households deriving the major part of their income from manual casual labour.
Households with widows
Households where a member is suffering from leprosy or cancer and people living with HIV.
Households with a single girl child
Beneficiary families of the Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers
Transgenders
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin / Rural) projects:
3. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
Overview
NREGA Launched on 2nd February 2006 as a momentous initiative towards pro-poor growth. For
the first time, rural communities have been given not just a development programme but also a
regime of rights. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA) guarantees 100
days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are
willing to do unskilled manual work.

Eligibility Criteria
The mandate of the Act is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a
financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual
work.

Benefits of the scheme

• Social protection for the most vulnerable people living in rural India by providing
employment opportunities.
• Livelihood security for the poor through creation of durable assets, improved water security,
soil conservation and higher land productivity.
• Drought-proofing and flood management in rural India.
• Empowerment of the socially disadvantaged, especially women, Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Schedules Tribes (STs), through the processes of a rights-based legislation.
• Strengthening decentralised, participatory planning through convergence of various anti-
poverty and livelihoods initiatives.
• Deepening democracy at the grass-roots by strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• Effecting greater transparency and accountability in governance
How to get benefits of the scheme
Implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA (MGNREGA) involves roles and responsibilities
of a large number of stakeholders from the village to the national level. The key stakeholders are
• Wage seekers
• Gram Sabha (GS)
• Three-tier Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), especially the Gram Panchayat (GP)
• Programme Officer at the Block level
• District Programme Coordinator (DPC)
• State Government
• Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
• Civil Society
4. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (SBM)

Overview
Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) (SBM-G), previously called Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), is a
Community-led total sanitation program initiated by Government of India (GOI) and is being
implemented in the State since 2004-05. It is a demand-driven and people-centered sanitation
program. The Govt. of India and State Govt. share the funding pattern in the ratio of 75:25
approximately.
Objective
• Improve quality of life in the rural areas
• Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2019
• Motivate Communities and PRIs promoting sustainable sanitation facilities through awareness
and health education
• Cover the remaining schools not covered under SSA and Anganwadi centers in rural areas with
proper sanitation facilities
• Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for safe and sustainable sanitation
• Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on SLWM for over all
cleanliness in the rural areas
Eligibility Criteria Benefits of the scheme
Swachh Bharat mission ( gramin) _ projects
5. Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)
Over view
Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana { SAGY} was launched on 11 th October 2014 with the aim to translate
the comprehensive vision of Mahatma Gandhi about an ideal Indian village into reality, keeping in
view the present context. Under SAGY, each Member of Parliament adopts a Gram Panchayat and
guides its holistic progress giving importance for social development at par with infrastructure. The
'Adarsh Grams' are to become schools of local development and governance, inspiring other Gram
Panchayats.
By involving villagers and leveraging scientific tools, a village development plan is prepared under
the leadership of Member of Parliament. The distinct feature of this Yojana is that it is:
•Demand Driven
•Inspired by Society
•Based on People's Participation

HOW TO SELECT A VILLAGE FOR SAANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA?

• A Gram panchayat would be the basic unit. It will have a population of 3000-5000 in plain
areas and 1000-3000 in the hilly, tribal and difficult area.
• The MP would be free to identify a suitable Gram Panchayat to be developed as Adarsh
Gram, other than his/her own village or that of his/her spouse.
• The MP will identify one Gram Panchayat to be taken up immediately, and two other to be
taken up little later.
• Lok Sabha MP has to choose a Gram Panchayat from within his/her constituency and Rajya
Sabha MP a Gram Panchayat from the rural area of a district of his/her choice in the State
from which he/she is elected.
The main objective of SAGY are:
• To trigger processes which lead to a holistic development of the identified Gram Panchayats
• To substantially improve the standard of living and quality of life of all section of the population
through -
• Improved basic amenities
• Higher productivity
• Enhanced human development
• Better livelihood opportunity
• Reduced disparities
• Access to right and entitlements
• Wider social mobilization
• Enriched social capital
• To generate models of local level development and effective local government which can
motivate and inspire neighboring Gram Panchayats to learn and adapt
• To nurture the identified Adarsh Grams as schools of local development to train other gram
panchayat
STRATEGY TO CONVERT THE IDENTIFIED VILLAGE INTO ADARSH GRAM
• The entry point activities to energize and mobilize the community towards positive common action.
• Participatory planning exercise for identifying peoples' needs and priorities in an integrated manner.
• Converging resources from Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes and also other State schemes to
the extent possible.
• Repairing and renovating existing infrastructure to the extent possible.
• Strengthening the Gram Panchayats and peoples' institutions within them.
• Promoting transparency and accountability

USE OF TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION IN SAGY

Adoption and adaption of technology and introduction of innovation are critical to this program. These would
broadly in the following areas:
• Space application and remote sensing
• Mobile based technology
• Agriculture related technology and innovations
• Livelihood related technologies and innovations
• Appropriate building construction technologies
• Road construction technologies
• Water supply and sanitation related technologies
Adarsh gram _ case studies
Adarsh gram _ case studies
Adarsh gram _ case studies
6. National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

Overview:
This mission works through strategic partnership between large industries / Self Help Groups /
Producer Groups / Service Groups / Collectives of the poor, through decentralized Micro
Enterprise Ventures. The promoting companies / entrepreneurs redesign the process where
intensive tasks as job-works are undertaken by Self Help Groups in their respective homes or
villages as self-employment activities.
Main objectives :
• Empowering the Poor by organizing them into SHGs/Federations/other Collectives.
• Empower the poor through ensuring access to Financial Services.
• Augmenting existing livelihoods and enhancing incomes
• Explore livelihood opportunities through newer ventures in rural service sector
• Developing Inclusive Value Chains
Vision and Mission:
• Create a socio-economically developed Gujarat through inclusive growth strategies for
empowering the underprivileged members of vulnerable communities/groups, resulting in
them leading a dignified life.
• Strive to serve the underprivileged women as well as members of vulnerable communities/
groups in the state by organizing and capacitating their Groups and creating sustainable
livelihoods
7. Mission Antyodaya
Overview
Mission Antyodaya is a partnership of central and State Government to improve the well-being of
one crore households and 50,000 Gram Panchayat by addressing the dimensions of poverty
through convergence action and a saturation approach under existing schemes by 2nd October
2019 – Mahatma Gandhiji’s 150th birth Anniversary.
It is a Comprehensive and integrated system for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness at
Gram Panchayat Level

Vision and Mission

Vision - "Poverty Free India“

A State - led partnerships for rapid Rural Transformation to bring households out of poverty
through diversification and development of multiple livelihoods, which will transform lives and
livelihood through measurable outcomes.
It is an effort to address the multidimensionality of poverty in a time bound manner through a
convergence of resources, both financial and human to provide an opportunity for
transformational changes.
8. Pradhan Mantri Krushi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) (watershed management)
Overview
The main objective of the Integrated Watershed development programme is to restore the
ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as
soil, vegetative cover and water.
Under this scheme, to emphasis efficient use of irrigation water, farmers are being encouraged to
set up micro irrigation facility through financial assistance of 100 % subsidy to small and marginal
farmers and 75 % subsidy to big farmers. A beneficiary can get financial assistance up to 5 ha.
Farmers who are all already benefited can also get subsidy for renew the laterals after seven years.
This promotes sustainable livelihood option for nearby population.

Eligibility Criteria
• Acuteness of drinking water scarcity.
• Extent of over exploitation of ground water resources.
• Preponderance of wastelands/degraded lands.
• Contiguity to another watershed that has already been developed/ treated.
• Willingness of village community to make voluntary contributions, enforce equitable social
regulations for sharing of common property resources, make equitable distribution of benefits,
create arrangements for the operation and maintenance of the assets created.
• Area of the project should not be covered under assured irrigation, with relaxation for over
exploited blocks.
• Productivity potential of the land.
Benefits of the scheme
• Augmentation in surface water harvesting.
• Improvement in Ground Water status.
• Increase in Net sown area.
• Increase in agriculture productivity.
• Increase in milk production.
• Availability of drinking water.
9. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)
Overview:
The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) announced the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Antyodaya Diwas, on 25th September 2014.
DDU-GKY is a part of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), tasked with the
dual objectives of adding diversity to the incomes of rural poor families and cater to
the career aspirations of rural youth.
Vision:
Transform rural poor youth into an economically independent and globally relevant
workforce

Criteria:
DDU-GKY is uniquely focused on rural youth between the ages of 15 and 35 years
from poor families. As a part of the Skill India campaign, it plays an instrumental
role in supporting the social and economic programs of the government like the
Make In India, Digital India, Smart Cities and Start-Up India, Stand-Up India
campaigns. Over 180 million or 69% of the country’s youth population between
the ages of 18 and 34 years, live in its rural areas.
10. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
Overview:
The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) is a welfare programme being administered by
the Ministry of Rural Development. This programme is being implemented in rural areas as well
as urban areas. NSAP represents a significant step towards the fulfilment of the Directive
Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India which enjoin upon the State to
undertake within its means a number of welfare measures.
Mission:
NSAP intended to secure for the citizens adequate means of livelihood, raise the standard of
living, improve public health, provide free and compulsory education for children etc

NSAP comprises of the following five schemes:-

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): Under the scheme, BPL persons aged
60 years or above are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/- up to 79 years of age and Rs.500/-
thereafter.
Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS): BPL widows aged 40-59 years are
entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-.
Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS): BPL persons aged 18-59 years with
severe and multiple disabilities are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200/-.
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS): Under the scheme a BPL household is entitled to lump sum
amount of money on the death of primary breadwinner aged between 18 and 64 years. The amount
of assistance is Rs. 10.000/-.
Annapurna: Under the scheme, 10 kg of food grains per month are provided free of cost to those
senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under NOAPS.
11. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Overview:
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY), was launched by the Govt. of India to
provide connectivity to unconnected Habitations
as part of a poverty reduction strategy. Govt. of
India is endeavoring to set high and uniform
technical and management standards and
facilitating policy development and planning at
State level in order to ensure sustainable
management of the rural roads network.

Working of the mission

Of all the government's sponsored flagship schemes to promote holistic rural development in terms
of providing basic services to country's hinterlands, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY)
has impacted most by way of improving the quality of life in rural areas. This rural road construction
programme remains one of the well-run and successful Central government schemes, benefitting
poor rural inhabitation especially on a per capita poverty and welfare basis, says a report. The
report attributes the success of the scheme to its unique format, design, evaluation, and monitoring
system in- build into it. The scheme continues to be frequently inspected for its quality work and
maintenance carried out regularly from time to time through an effective institutional mechanism.
Technology-driven best international practices like GIS and space imaging techniques are reported
to have been deployed to oversee and speed-up the construction work.
The roads built under PMGSY are required to meet the technical specifications and geometric
design standard as per the Rural Road Manual of Indian Road Congress.
All rural roads are covered by a five-year maintenance contract and work awarded as per Standard
Bidding Document (SBD).
All inspection reports are to be mandatorily updated with at least 10 on the job digital
photographs. Reputed technical institutes like IITs are designated as independent evaluators for
this purpose. 100% of construction cost is borne by GOI.
At the end of five years, roads under this scheme are placed under Zonal Maintenance Contract
for another five years and costs are borne by the states under State Rural Road Development
Agency (SRRDA) through a separate dedicated Maintenance Fund Account.
Thus, scheme's distinctive management system and provision of a composite construction
contract have resulted in better quality of rural roads across the country.
Regional Plan _ Introduction

What is a Region in regional planning?

A 'region' in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional, and is likely
to include a network of settlements and character areas.

A region is an area of land that has common features. A region can be defined by natural or
artificial features. Language, government, or religion can define a region, as can forests,
wildlife, or climate. Regions, large or small, are the basic units of geography.

A region is an area that shares both human and physical characteristics, and is classified in
geography as three types: formal, functional and perceptual / physical and cultural

What is a regional plan?

Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the
sustainable growth of a region

Regional planning is an urban planning strategy that focuses on the social, economic, and

environmental development of a specific area. Regional plans address the needs of the
entire region rather than just one municipality.

Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and
settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional
planning is related to urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale
What are the main considerations in a regional plan?
Area Interrelationships
Cohesions
Integrations

Why is regional planning important?

Because Regional planning  helps in reducing the conflicts and competition for
resources between cities/ towns in a region

Scope of Regional Planning:

• Preparation of GIS based Master Plan with suitable zoning.
• Study of Internal & External Infrastructure.
• Development of sectoral plans & project structuring.
• Environmental and social impact assessment
• Preparing project Implementation Plan.
Area delineation

What is delineation in regional planning?

Regional delineation is the first step in the preparation of any regional / development plan to ensure
tentative operational area of planning. within the planning region the frame of all regional
studies could be undertaken and development envisaged .

What is Regionalization?
Regionalisation is the process of delineating regions. In other words we can define regionalisation as
the locating of boundaries of a region.

What is a region?
A region is an area on Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual
homogeneity of some phenomenon. All regions in one way or the other , the level of development

Forms of Regionalisation:
Regionalisation may take several forms depending on;

i. The purpose of delineating regions.

ii. ii. The criterion/criteria to be used during delineation e.g. land size, employment rates, activity
rates, migration trends etc.
iii. iii. Data availability Regions can be delineated as: 1.Formal regions 2.Functional regions
3.Planning/Programming regions
What is a Planning Region?
A planning region is a segment of territory over which economic decisions apply. The term planning
here means taking decisions to implement them in order to attain economic development. Planning
regions may be administrative or political regions such as state, district or the block because such
regions are better in management and collecting statistical data.

So, this is how it works……..

Entire country is a planning region for national plans

Entire state is the planning region for state plans
Districts or blocks are the planning regions for micro regional plans.

Recommended Characteristics of a Planning Region:

• For proper implementation and realization of plan objectives, a planning region should have
fairly homogeneous economic, topographical and socio-cultural structure.
• It should be large enough to contain a range of resources provide it economic viability.
• It should also internally cohesive and geographically a contagion area unit.
• Its resource endowment should be that a satisfactory level of product combination
consumption and exchange is feasible.
• It should have some nodal points to regulate the flows
Area delineation methods
Delineation of formal regions
• It involves the grouping together of local units which have similar characteristics according to
certain clearly defined criteria and which differ significantly from the units outside the region
on the basis of certain chosen criteria.
• The criteria can be unemployment rates, activity rate, migration trends, per capita income etc.
• The characteristics should differ significantly from units outside the region.
• The delineation depend on the development objectives.
• Variables for delineation of formal region (homogeneous): Land use characteristics
Demographic characteristics; Transport infrastructure; Social service and public utilities; Socio-
economic structures.

I There are two techniques for delineation of formal regions are detailed below:
1. Weighted Index Number Methods
2. Factor Analysis Method
Weighted Index Number Methods:
n this method, some indices (parameters) are chosen and given weights, total weights for each part is
separately calculated and areas with similar weights are carved out. This area is termed as ‘region’.
Example: For identifying employment & income level delineation The study area is divided into
several localities which vary according to unemployment rates and per capita income levels. The aim
is to isolate the main problem region. If more than one feature is taken into consideration, the
following methods are employed: Fixed Index Method; Variable Index Method; & Cluster Method
The Factor Analysis method:
In this method, each parameter is mapped out separately and then all the maps are kept one over
the other. The common region that will be carved out after this exercise will form a region.

II There are two methods popular in Functional Region Delineation

1. Flow Analysis
2. 2. Gravitational Analysis Method

Flow Analysis Method (based on actual observation )

Flow analysis builds up functional regions on the basis of the direction and intensity of flows
between the dominant centre and surrounding satellites. Each flow will show decreasing intensity
as it becomes more distant from the main centre and increasing intensity as it approaches another
centre.
This flow can be of any kind…..
• Economic, objective, social and political etc.
• Goods, passengers, roads and railways under economic influence;
• Purposeful flows include buying, exchanging, etc.;
• The social flow includes the flow of students or patients,
• The political flow includes the flow of government expenditure,
• The information system (telegram, newspapers etc.).

Gravitational Analysis Method:

The basis of the origin of gravity analysis lies in Newton's theory. It is based on the
possible value of human interaction. It is generally assumed that the interaction
between two centers is in direct proportion to the mass of the centers and is inversely
proportional to the distance between the centers.

III There are two methods in Delineation of a planning region

1. Qualitative method
2. Quantitative method

Planning is the significant basis for the demarcation of territories. It has direct relations
to the with the purpose of statement or identity, the type of territories and deadlines
Qualitative Techniques:
In this method, specific regions are identified according to the general review of the
development of particular geographical variables (physical, economic, socio-cultural) in
the context of regional unit within the boundary of a large national territory. Several
maps are created on the basis of above factors. These maps reflect the overall character
of a particular planning region.

This method is simple and subjective in nature. Naturally, it lacks the mathematical basis
and lack of faith in its utility. This method allows greater flexibility in the boundar ies of
the planned territories.

Quantitative Techniques:
It includes Index calculation based on mathematical and statistical techniques and also
comparative maps. There are four methods of delineation( quantitative) of planning
region for the single functional regional element.

1. Theissen Polygon Method

2. Distance Minimization Method
3. Discrimination Analysis Method
4. Graph Theory Method
1.Thiessen Polygon Method:
Thiessen polygon method was used by Bogue
in 1949, to demarcate 67 metropolitan
territories in the United States.
This involves construction of polygons to
delineate regions.

Assumptions:
1. An area within the intersecting boundary
lines of a polygon is closer to the center
bound within that polygon of some other
center.
2. A metropolis is the dominant over all the
area.

2. Distance Minimization Method:

Proposed by Yeats in 1963. This method works on the objective of minimizing the
distance by the cost of transportation for transporting an object from its various
sources to several destinations , or transporting it from the destination to the source
has to be minimized.
3. Discrimination Analysis Method:
The discriminate analysis method is a method of determining the boundaries of regions
of geographical distribution. It is based on polynomial analysis and calculations.

4. Graph Theory Method:

Proposed by Nistuen and Deci in 1961. By this method, the ability of territorial bonding is
determined. This method is useful for territorial demarcation for meeting both
administrative and industrial-trade requirements. Transportation networks and regional
structure are analyzed by this method. With this, their territorial hierarchy is determined
after knowing the amount of their association with the towns in an area. The cities inside
the graph are considered to be the end points. The order of the city is measured by the
flow within it (by the number of telephone conversations). Hierarchical relationships
between cities are determined by the most outgoing flow from cities
land utilization plan

What are Land use plans 

Land use plans are essentially zoning plans which outline the future location and type (residential,
office, retail, industry) of development activity that is to be permitted and not permitted (i.e.
green space, parks, etc.) within urban and regional areas over a set horizon period (normally 5–15
years).

What is the purpose of land use planning?

Land use planning ensures that resources are used efficiently so that the needs of the people are
met while safeguarding future resources. This planning process can be used to
prevent landuse conflicts and reduce exposure to pollutants. Land use planning is essential for any
development project

What are the process involved in land use planning?

This is an on-going process which involves the following steps.
1. Develop Planning Criteria to establish constraints and guides for planning process
2. streamline the process
3. Establish standards, rules, and measures
4. Set the scope of inventory and data collection
5. Identify the range of alternatives
6. Estimate the extent of analysis
What is a land use scheme?
A Land Use Scheme is a planning tool that allows or restricts certain types of land uses to certain
geographic areas. 
Land use plans _ how it works in India?
Provisions in the Indian Constitution According to the Entry No. 18 of the Seventh Schedule (the State
List) of the Constitution of India, land including assessment and collection of revenue, maintenance of
land records, land management and alienation of revenue etc. fall under the purview of the State
Governments. “Land” being a State subject, falls under the legislative and administrative competence
of the States. Land use planning falls, therefore, under the responsibility of the State Governments.

How does United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization and the United Nations
Environment Programme define land use planning?
Land use planning is understood as a systematic and iterative procedure carried out in order to create
an enabling environment for sustainable development of land resources which meets people’s needs
and demands. It assesses the physical, socio-economic, institutional and legal potentials and
constraints with respect to optimal and sustainable use of natural resources and land and empowers
people to make decisions about how to allocate those resources.

Another definition of “land use planning” is the process of evaluating land and alternative patterns of
land use and other physical, social and economic conditions for the purposes of selecting and
adopting those kinds of land use and course of action best suited to achieve specified objectives. Land
use planning may be at national, regional, state, district, watershed, city, village or other local levels.
What are competing and conflicting land uses?

“Competing land uses” are those that compete for the same parcel of land for their location. Such
land uses competing in rural areas with agriculture could Draft National Land Utilisation Policy, for
example, cash crops or food crops; industrial or agro-industrial uses; Special Economic Zones
(SEZs) or Special Investment Regions; highways; peri-urban development or outgrowth, integrated
townships or theme cities, and mega projects (e.g. industrial corridors/power plants/ports).

“Conflicting land uses” are those that are in conflict with the existing land use. Certain land uses
cause impacts on other land uses nearby. Such conflicting land uses include, for example,
agriculture in forest areas, mining in forest areas, highways in eco-sensitive areas, polluting
industries in rural or eco-sensitive areas, urban/industrial development on agriculture lands,
agriculture encroaching into forest lands, and urban waste disposal in peri-urban areas. The basic
concern is the negative impact that such land uses cause on other land uses.

For example, an industrial area can cause impacts on the neighbouring areas due to air pollution,
or an urban expansion can lead to destruction of the ecosystem service of natural drainage
thereby impacting the existing lakes and water bodies. Indiscriminate land use changes in eco-
sensitive zones could directly affect wildlife habitat and thereby impacts local and global
biodiversity.
“National Land Utilisation Policy”
The policy seeks to order and regulate land use in an efficient and rational way, thus
taking care of the needs of the community while safeguarding natural resources and
minimising land use conflicts

Land use plans are generated based on the input from following factors:

Unregulated land use shifts

Reducing per capita land resource
Meeting the demands of rural and agriculture sectors
Protecting lands under natural resources and ecosystem services
Meeting urbanisation demands
Meeting industrialisation demands
Meeting mining sector demands
Meeting transport sector demands
Development vs. sustainable development
Protecting social interests
Protecting heritage
Current Land Use Planning and Utilisation Trends in India

Urban area planning

Industrial investment zones planning
Eco sensitive area planning
Mining area planning
Watershed management for productivity of agricultural lands
Coastal zone planning

Relevant existing policies related to land utilization in India

National Water Policy 2013

National Land Use Policy Outlines 1988
National Forest Policy 1988
Policy Statement of Abatement of Draft National Land Utilisation Policy 17 _ Pollution 1992
National Livestock Policy Perspective 1996
National Agricultural Policy 2000
National Population Policy 2000
National Policy and Macro-level Strategy and Action Plan on Biodiversity 2000 National
Environmental Policy 2006
Guiding Principles for the National Land Utilization Policy ( India)
1 st Principle: Human beings are at the centre
2 nd Principle: Inclusive growth, poverty eradication and gender equality – equal opportunities
3 rd Principle: Balanced development and intergenerational justice
4 th Principle: Efficient utilisation of resources and mitigation of impacts
5 th Principle: Integrated and comprehensive development planning
6 th Principle: The States are custodian of land
7 th Principle: Harmonization with existing policy, legislative and regulatory framework

Goal and Objectives of the National Land Utilisation Policy (India)

Goal
The goal of the National Land Utilisation Policy is to achieve improvement of livelihood, food and
water security, and best possible realization of various developmental targets so as to ensure
sustainable development of India. Draft National Land Utilisation Policy

Objective
To ensure optimal utilisation of the limited land resources in India for achieving sustainable
development, addressing social, economic and environmental considerations and to provide a
framework for the States to formulate their respective land utilisation policies incorporating state
specific concerns and priorities. The specific objectives are given below.

Objectives related to social concerns

1. Protection of agricultural lands from land use conversions so as to ensure food security and to
meet consumption needs of a growing population and to meet livelihood needs of the
dependent population, and undertaking capacity building.
2. To identify and protect lands that are required to promote and support social development,
particularly of tribal communities and poor section of society for their livelihood.
3. To preserve historic and cultural heritage by protecting, places/sites of religious,
archaeological, scenic and tourist importance.

Objectives related to environmental concerns

4. To preserve and conserve lands under important environmental functions such as those
declared as National Parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries, Reserved Forests, Eco Sensitive Zones, etc.
and guide land uses around such preserved and conserved areas so as not to have land use
conflicts or negative environmental impacts.
5. To preserve the areas of natural environment and its resources that provide ecosystem
services.

Objectives related to developmental/ economic concerns

6. To promote properly guided and coordinated development in a sustainable manner of all
developmental sectors including agriculture, urban, industrial, infrastructure and mining so
as to minimise land use conflicts or negative environmental impacts.

Objectives related to enforcement and implementation of the policy

7. To suggest a general implementation framework for implementing land utilisation policy by all
concerned at different levels, viz. national, state, regional and local
Identification of Land Utilisation Zones (LUZs) Types of Land Utilisation Zones :

The following six types of Land Utilisation Zones (LUZs) are to be identified on the basis of
predominant land use:

a) Predominantly Rural and Agricultural Areas

b) Areas Under Transformation
c) Predominantly Urban Areas; Draft National Land Utilisation Policy 20
d) Predominantly Industrial Areas
e) Predominantly Ecological Areas, Landscape Conservation & Tourism Areas. Heritage Areas
f) Major Hazard Vulnerable Areas.

Land-use Management Areas (LMAs)

The “Land-use Management Areas” (LMAs) are to be identified within the identified Land Utilisation
Zones, during the planning process, so as to ensure proper management of various land uses.

For the purpose of ensuring proper management of lands, the Land-use Management Zones are
categorised into:
a) Protected Areas
b) Regulatory Areas
c) Reserved Areas
d) Guided Development Areas.
Planning system for Land Utilization Zone

The planning system for LUZs should consists of a set of the following two inter-related plans:
1. Perspective Plan: A long term (20-25 years) policy plan of spatioeconomic development of the
LUZ.
2. Land Use Plan: This includes, a) Regional Development Plan, and b) Development Plan or
Master Plan. These Plans are to be conceived within the framework of the approved
Perspective Plan. These Plans are prepared for medium-term (generally five years, co-
terminus with the term of the local authority and/or as per Five Year Plan term). The Regional
Development Plan and the Development Plan/Master Plan guide further development in the
area and so these Plans should be prepared systematically through scientific approaches as
well as through process oriented approaches involving various stakeholders. The guidelines for
preparation of these plans should be detailed out in the above referred “Guidelines for
Formulation and Implementation of Development Plans”
In addition, the above plans could be supported by the following two more levels of planning,
wherever possible:
a) Annual Plan: Conceived within the framework of Development Plan. It is a Plan containing the
physical and fiscal details of new and ongoing projects that the local authorities intends to
implement during the respective financial year. The Annual Plans shall have to adhere to the
provisions in the Development Plans.
b) Plans of Projects/Schemes: Conceived within the framework of approved Development
Plan/Annual Plan. These are detailed working plans/layouts for execution by a public or
private agency
Other important Definitions

Perspective Plan:
A long term (20-25 years) policy plan of spatio economic development of the settlement. b)

Development Plan:
Conceived within the framework of the approved Perspective Plan, it is a medium-term (generally
five years co-terminus with the term of the local (authority) comprehensive plan of spatioeconomic
development of the urban centre.

Annual Plan:
Conceived within the framework of Development Plan, it is a plan containing the physical and fiscal
details of new and ongoing projects that the local authority intends to implement during the
respective financial year.

Plans of Projects/Schemes:
Conceived within the framework of approved Development Plan/Annual Plan, these are detailed
working layouts for execution by a public or private agency.

Master Plans and Development Plans:

Prepared for urban areas, metropolitan areas and sometime Regional Plans such as for Delhi
National Capital Region.
land use pattern in india 2019 pie chart
Hierarchical system of settlements, their sizes and functions
Hierarchical system of settlements, their sizes and functions

What is a settlement Hierarchy?

A settlement hierarchy is formed when settlements are ranked in order of size or importance,
usually from many isolated dwellings or hamlets at the base of the hierarchy to one major city,
(usually the capital) at the top.

The order of importance is usually based on one of the following:

1. area and population of the settlement ( size

2. range and number of services /functions within each settlement
3. relative sphere of influence of each settlement.

What is sphere of influence?

A settlement hierarchy is found by putting settlements in a region or country into a rank order
either by population or type and range of services. As a result of this the larger the settlement,
the greater the range of services and therefore the market area or sphere of influence.

What are the 4 types of settlements?

Urban settlements can equally be graded into four, according to size. These are towns, cities,
conurbations and megapolis
Sphere of influence
The area served by a particular settlement. It is the area around a central place in
which it distributes services, recruits labour and takes in school children.

Sphere of influence is based on 2 main principles:

1. Threshold Population – the minimum number of people needed to support a
settlement or service.
2. Range – the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a
particular service
Chrystaller Central Place Theory
Chrystaller Central Place Theory was first proposed in the 1930s by German geographer Walter
Christaller, based on his studies of southern Germany. August Losch in Germany and Brian Berry
and others in the U.S further developed concepts during the 1950s.
The theory applies most clearly in regions such as the Great Plains, which are neither heavily
industrialized nor interrupted by major physical features such as rivers or mountain ranges.

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of
settlements. In the flat landscape of southern Germany Chrystaller noticed that towns of a
certain size were roughly equidistant. By examining and defining the functions of the settlement,
structure and the size of the hinterland he found it possible to model the pattern of settlement
locations using geometric shapes.
Assumptions
All areas have:
• an isotropic (all flat) surface
• an evenly distributed population
• evenly distributed resources
• similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market
• no excess profits (Perfect competition) consumers are of the same income level and same
shopping behavior
• Uniform transport network that permitted direct travel from each settlement to the other
• Transport cost is proportional to distance traveled in example, the longer the distance
travelled, the higher the transport cost
CPT _ Explanation of key terms

Central Place:
A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living
around it.
Low Order / High Order:
Simple basic services (e.g. grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (e.g.
universities) are said to be of high order. Having a high order service implies there are low order
services around it, but not vice versa.
Low Order Settlements:
Settlements which provide low order services are said to be low order settlements.
High Order Settlements:
Settlements that provide high order services are said to be high order settlements.
Sphere of Influence:
The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place.
Threshold:
Threshold the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or
services
Range of good or services:
Range of good or services -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods
and services
CPT_ Central Place Size and Spacing
Within the central place system, there are five sizes of communities. A hamlet is the smallest and is
a rural community which is too small to be considered a village. The rank order of central places is:
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
Regional Capital

The Chrystaller Central Place Theory has three orders or principles:

1. The marketing principle: k=3
2. The transportation principle: k=4
3. The administrative principle: k=7

According to the marketing principle K = 3, the market area of a higher-order place(node) occupies
1/3rd of the market area of each of the consecutive lower size place(node) which lies on its
neighbour. the lower size nodes (6 in numbers and 2nd larger circles) are located at the corner of a
largest hexagon around the high-order settlement. Each high-order settlement gets 1/3rd of each
satellite settlement (which are 6 in total), thus K = 1 + 6×1/3 = 3. However, although in this K = 3
marketing network the distance traveled is minimized, the transport network is not the most
efficient, because there is no intermediate transport links (network) between the larger places
(nodes)
Marketing principle
In this system, market areas at a certain level of the central place hierarchy are three times bigger
than the next lowest one.
The different levels then follow a progression of threes, meaning that as one moves through the
order of places, the number of the next level goes up three times.
For example, when there are two cities, there would be six towns, 18 villages, and 54 hamlets.
Transportation Principle
According to K = 4 transport principle, the market area of
a higher-order place includes a half of the market area of
each of the six neighboring lower-order places, as they
are located on the edges of hexagons around the high-
order settlements.
This generates a hierarchy of central places which results
in the most efficient transport network.
There are maximum central places possible located on
the main transport routes connecting the higher order
center.
The transportation principle involves the minimization of
the length of roads connecting central places at all
hierarchy levels.
In this system of nesting, the lower order centres are all
located along the roads linking the higher order centres.
This alignment of places along a road leads to
minimization of road length.
Administrative Principle

Finally, the administrative principle (K=7) is the last system and here, the variation between the
lowest orders and highest orders increase by a factor of seven. Here, the highest order trade area
completely covers that of the lowest order, meaning that market serves a larger area.

Why are hexagons used in theory to delineate market areas?

Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave gaps.
Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant from the center.
Geographers use hexagons to depict the market area of a good or service, because hexagons offer a
compromise between geometric properties of circles and squares.

Advantages of CPT

• Hierarchical description the spatial pattern of urbanization . No other economic theory explains
why there is a hierarchy of urban centers.
• The central place hierarchy provides a description of the relationship between a central place--
higher order place--and its tributary areas--lower order places. Once this hierarchy is pointed
out, anyone can see it.
• Central place theory does a good job of describing the location of trade and service activity. (It
also does a good job of describing consumer market oriented manufacturing.)
Disadvantages of CPT
• The pattern of cities predicted by central place theory may not hold good because of the failure
to meet initial assumptions.
• Production costs may vary not only because of economies of scale but also by natural resource
• Transportation costs are not equal in all directions
• Rural markets (initially households) are not evenly distributed
• Non-economic factors (culture, politics, leadership) may be important but not evenly
distributed
• Competitive practices may lead to freight absorption and phantom freight (other forms of
imperfect competition)

Chrystaller's model will never be found in the real world because

• Large areas of flat land are rare, with the presence of relief barriers channeling transport in certain
directions
• Government intervention can dictate the location of industry
• Perfect competition is unreal with some firms making more money than others.
• People vary their shopping trends, not always going to the nearest centre
• People or resources are never perfectly distributed
• Chrystaller envisaged each centre with a particular function whereas they have many which
change over time
End of Unit III