Komposisi magma

Convergent Plate Boundaries

Continental
Volcanic Arc
e.g., WA

Volcanic Island
Arc
Banda, Jepang

Convergent Plate Boundaries

Gunungapi Continental arc erupsi secara eksplosif mengeluarkan magma kaya s

basalt naik melalui kerak benua, magma melelehkan dan mengabsorb

Magma naik mencapai dasar kerak dengan gaya b

a melepaskan fluida (umumnya air) ke mantel di atasnya.

Penamahan fluida menghasilkan magma basalt dari pel

Divergent Plate Boundaries

Pada umumnya berada di mid-ocean ridges
Mantle melelehkan karena penurunan tekanan secara
adiabatik
Lelehan mempunyai komposisi basaltik

Pendinginan basalt membentuk kerak samudra baru

Mid-ocean ridges
Unusual circumstances can
put a piece of the ocean
crust on land, where we can
observe pillow basalt.

Intraplate Volcanism
Head of hot mantle collects at
core-mantle boundary
When it reaches the base of the
crust it makes a huge amount of
basalt (flood basalts)
As plate moves over plume, a
trail of volcanism forms

Intraplate Volcanism
Head of hot mantle collects at
core-mantle boundary
When it reaches the base of the
crust it makes a huge amount of
basalt (flood basalts)
As plate moves over plume, a
trail of volcanism forms

Intraplate Volcanism
Head of hot mantle collects at
core-mantle boundary
When it reaches the base of the
crust it makes a huge amount of
basalt (flood basalts)
As plate moves over plume, a
trail of volcanism forms

Intraplate Volcanism - Ocean

forms basaltic volcanoes (Hawaii)

Intraplate Volcanism - Continent

forms flood basalts, then more silica-rich volcanoes (calderas)
Columbia River Basalts & Yellowstone

Komposisi magma
Mid Oceanic Ridge: basalt
Mantle plum (hot spot): basalt
Zona penunjaman: basaltik - ryolitik

Batuan beku

Klasifikasi QAPF

Klasifikasi QAPF batuan plutonik

Klasifikasi QAPF batuan vulkanik

Seri Bowen

Spider diagram
Trace elements

Geokimia trace elements MORB

Perbandingan trace elements OIB &

MORB

Magma di zona penunjaman

Proses diferensiasi di zona

penunjaman
Modifikasi komposisi
magma zona
penunjaman.
Penambahan material
sumber magma
Proses diferensiasi

Major Elements and

Magma Series
a. Alkali vs. silica
b. AFM
c. FeO*/MgO vs. silica
diagrams for 1946 analyses from
~ 30 island and continental arcs
with emphasis on the more
primitive volcanics

Figure 16-3. Data compiled by Terry Plank (Plank and Langmuir, 1988) .

Recommended Classification Scheme

based on K2O and SiO2
contents
identifies shoshonitic, highK, med-K, and low-K series
distinguishes basalt,
basaltic andesite, andesite,
dacite, rhyolite comp. based
on SiO2 contents
does not include high-Mg
andesites

nics. Springer-Verlag. Contours represent the concentration of 2500 analyses of andesites stored in the large data file RKOC76 (Carnegie Institute of Washin

53

57

63

6 sub-series if combine tholeiite and C-A (some are rare)

May choose 3 most common:

Low-K tholeiitic
Low-K tholeiitic
Med-K
Med-KCA
CA
Hi-K
Hi-Kmixed
mixed
d-K A

h-K series are combined with the tholeiitic vs. calc-alkaline types, resulting in six andesite series, after Gill (1981) Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics. Sp

From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice

Figure 16-6. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

Turner & Foden (2001)

Quaternary Sunda Banda volcanic

Wheller et al., (1987)

Quaternary Sunda-Banda
volcanic rocks

Radiogenic Isotope Tracers

sensitive tracers:
isotopes of Sr, Nd, Pb, Hf
why?
they have long half-lives compared with the time scales of
subduction processes
large contrast between the isotopic composition & element
concentrations in source components

requisite with usage:

isotopic composition of all possible contributing sources is
known
display sufficient compositional contrast

2 types of SZM based on

Sr- & Nd- ratio behavior
A-type
occurs in oceanic SZ
shows horizontal to positive trends
restricted to low 87Sr/86Sr & high
143Nd/144Nd values

B-type
from continental SZ
shows negative trends
extends from field of oceanic crust
to very high 87Sr/86Sr & low
143Nd/144Nd values

he isotopic reservoirs and the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line (NHRL) proposed in Chapter 14. The geochron represents the mutual evolution of

207

Pb

Unsur unsur ringan (Li, Be, B) & isotopesnya

digunakan sebagai tracer kontribusi sedimen dan
kerak samudra teralterasi ke magma subduksi dan
sebagai indikator keterlibatan fluida dalam genesa
maga zona subduksi

10

Be created by cosmic rays + oxygen and nitrogen in upper

atmosphere and accumulates in the upper layers of oceanic
sediments
half-life of only 1.5 Ma (long enough to be subducted, but
quickly lost to mantle systems). After about 10 Ma 10Be
is no longer detectable
10

Be/9Be averages about 5000 x 10-11 in the uppermost

oceanic sediments

in mantle-derived MORB and OIB magmas, & continental

crust, 10Be is below detection limits (<1 x 106 atom/g)
and 10Be/9Be is <5 x 10-14

10

Be/Betotal vs. B/Betotal diagram

ix arcs. After Morris (1989) Carnegie Inst. of Washington Yearb., 88, 111-123.

(Betotal 9Be since 10Be is so rare