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Engine?
Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy (combustion of fuel) into
mechanical energy.
Engine Types
External-combustion
Internal-combustion
Engine Classification
No of strokes per cycle(Two or Four)
No of cylinders
Arrangement of cylinders
Method of ignition
Firing order
Reciprocating or rotary
The high temperatures in the engine cause some of the nitrogen to unite with
oxygen. This forms the nitrogen oxides.
Cylinder head
Piston
Intake valve
Piston rings
Exhaust valve
Piston pin
Camshaft
Connecting rod
Timing gears
Crankshaft
Spark plug
Cylinder Block
Basic frame of gasoline
engine.
Contains the cylinder.
Piston
Made of aluminium alloy
Piston Rings
Compression Rings
Oil control rings
The
rings
seal
the
compression gases above the
piston keep the oil below the
piston rings.
The leakage of compressed
fuel-air
mixture
into
the
crankcase, through the piston
clearance, is called blowby.
The excessive blowby reduces
the engine power, wastes fuel,
and pollutes the air.
Piston Pins
Also known as the wrist
pin, it connects the piston
to the small end of the
connecting rod.
It transfers the force and
allows the rod to swing
back and forth.
Connecting Rod
Connects the piston and
piston pin to the
crankshaft.
Crankshaft
Along the the piston pin
and connecting rod it
converts the up and down
motion (reciprocating) of
the engine to spinning
(rotary) motion.
Flywheel
Carries the inertia
when there is no
power stroke.
Camshaft
Through the use of an
eccentric the cam lobes
push the valves open.
The valve springs close
them.
Timing Gears
These gears drive the
camshaft from the
crankshaft.
Spark Plug
Electric match used to
begin the combustion
process of burning air and
gasoline to create heat.
Intake Stroke
Intake valve opens.
Piston moves down, turn of
crankshaft.
A vacuum is created in the
cylinder.
Atmospheric pressure pushes
the air/fuel mixture into the
cylinder.
Compression Stroke
Valves close.
Piston moves up, turn of
crankshaft.
Air/fuel mixture is
compressed.
Fuel starts to vaporize and
heat begins to build.
The mixture is compressed
into 1/8 or less of its original
volume.
Power Stroke
Valves remain closed.
Spark plug fires igniting
fuel mixture.
Piston moves down,
turn of crankshaft.
Heat is converted to
mechanical energy.
Exhaust Stroke
Exhaust valve opens.
Piston move up,
crankshaft makes turn.
Exhaust gases are pushed
out polluting the
atmosphere.
Diesel 2 stroke
General cycle
All the gas engines and oil engines operate in the same general way. The working fluid undergoes
repeated cycles. A thermodynamic cycle is composed of a series of sequential events in a closed loop
on P-V or T-S diagram. A typical cycle has following distinct operations
1. Cylinder is charged
2. Cylinder contents are compressed
3. Combustion (Burning) of charge, creation of high pressure pushing the piston and expansion
of products of combustion.
4. Exhaust of spent products of combustion to atmosphere.
Mean effective
pressure
Spark-ignition (SI) engines
Compression-ignition (CI) engines
1-2 isentropic
compression
2-3 constantpressure heat
addition
3-4 isentropic
expansion
4-1 constantvolume heat
rejection.
In diesel engines, the spark plug is replaced
by a fuel injector, and only air is compressed
during the compression process.
34
Cutoff
ratio
for the same compression ratio
Thermal
efficiency of the
ideal Diesel cycle
as a function of
compression and
cutoff ratios
(k=1.4).
36
Exhaust system:-
Fuel system :-
are:
1. To deliver oil from the storage to the fuel injector.
2. To raise the fuel pressure to the level required for atomization.
3. To measure and control the amount of fuel admitted in each cycle.
4. To control time of injection.
5.To spray fuel into the cylinder in atomized form for thorough mixing and
burning.
Each fuel nozzle is connected to a separate injection pump. The pump itself does the measuring of the fuel charge and control of
the injection timing.
The delivery valve in the
nozzle is actuated by
fuel-oil pressure.
3. DISTRIBUTOR SYSTEM
In this system, the fuel is metered at a central point i.e., the pump that pressurizes, meters the fuel and times the injection.
From here, the fuel is distributed to cylinders in correct firing order by cam operated poppet valves, which open to admit fuel to
nozzles.
Natural
forced
Semi pressure
full pressure