EE369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 4
Power System Operation,
Transmission Line Modeling
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

Reading and Homework

For lectures 4 through 6 read Chapter 4

we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11, and 4.12 in

detail,
We will return to chapter 3 later.

HW 3 is Problems 2.42, 2.44, 2.45, 2.47, 2.49,

2.50, 2.51, 2.52; due Thursday 9/18.
HW 4 is chapter 4 case study questions A through
D, and Problems 2.31, 2.41, 2.43, 2.48, 4.1, 4.3,
4.6, due Thursday 9/26.
HW 5 is Problems 4.9, 4.11, 4.13, 4.18, 4.21, 4.22,
4.24, 4.25 (assume Cardinal conductor and look
up GMR in Table A.4); due Thursday 10/2.

Development of Line Models

Goals of this section are:
1) develop a simple model for
transmission lines, and
2) gain an intuitive feel for how the
geometry of the transmission line
affects the model parameters.

Primary Methods for Power

Transfer
The most common methods for
transfer of electric power are:
1) Overhead ac
2) Underground ac
3) Overhead dc
4) Underground dc
The analysis will be developed for ac
lines.
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Magnetics Review
Magnetomotive
force:
symbol
F,
measured in ampere-turns, which is the
current enclosed by a closed path,
Magnetic field intensity: symbol H,
measured in ampere-turns/meter:
The existence of a current in a wire gives rise
to an associated magnetic field.
The stronger the current, the more intense is
the magnetic field H.

Flux density: symbol B, measured in

webers/m2 or teslas or gauss (1 Wb /m 2 =
1T = 10,000G):
Magnetic field intensity is associated with a
magnetic flux density.
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Magnetics Review
Magnetic flux: symbol
,
measured in
webers, which is the integral of flux density
over a surface.
Flux linkages , measured in weber-turns.

If the magnetic flux is varying (due to a

changing current) then a voltage will be induced
in a conductor that depends on how much
magnetic flux is enclosed (linked) by the loops
of the conductor, according to Faradays law.

Inductance: symbol L, measured in henrys:

The ratio of flux linkages to the current in a coil.

Magnetics Review
Amperes circuital law relates
magnetomotive force (the enclosed
current in amps or amp-turns) and
magnetic field intensity (in ampF
turns/meter):
Hgdl I e
F = mmf = magnetomotive force (amp-turns)
H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
dl = Vector differential path length (meters)

= Line integral about closed path

(dl is tangent to path)
I e = Algebraic sum of current linked by

Line Integrals

Line integrals are a generalization of

standard integration along, for
Integration along th
example, the x-axis.
x-axis

Integration along a
general path, which
may be closed

Amperes law is most useful in cases of symmetry,

such as a circular path of radius x around an infinitely
long wire, so that H and dl are parallel, |H|= H is cons
and |dl| integrates to equal the circumference 2x.
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Flux Density
Assuming no permanent magnetism,
magnetic field intensity and flux
density are related by the permeability
H = medium.
magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
of the
B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])
(1T = 10,000G)
For a linear magnetic material:
B = H where is the called the permeability
= 0 r
0 = permeability of freespace = 4 10-7 H m

r = relative permeability 1 for air

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux and flux density
magnetic flux (webers)
B = flux density (webers/m 2 or tesla)
Definition of flux passing through a surface A is

A Bgda

da = vector with direction normal to the surface

If flux density B is uniform and perpendicular to an
area A then

= BA
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Magnetic Fields from Single

Wire
Assume we have an infinitely long
wire with current of I =1000A.
Consider a square, located between
4 and 5 meters from the wire and
such that the square and the wire are
in the same plane.
How much magnetic flux passes
through the square?
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Magnetic Fields from Single

Wire
Magnetic flux passing through the square?
Direction of H is given
by the Right-hand Rule

Easiest way to solve the problem is to take

advantage of symmetry.
As an integration path, well choose a circle
with radius x, with x varying from 4 to 5
meters, with the wire at the center, so the
path encloses the current I.
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Single Line Example, contd

I
Hgdl 2 xH I H 2 x

H is perpendicular
to surface of square

I
2 104
2
B 0 H 0

T
Gauss
For
2 x
x
x
reference,
5 0 I
the earths
A BgdA (1 meter) 4
dx
magnetic
2 x
field is about
I
5
5
7
0.6 Gauss
0 ln
2 10 I ln
2 4
4
(Central US)

4.46 105 Wb

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Flux linkages and Faradays

law
Flux linkages are defined from Faraday's law
d
V =
, where V = voltage, = flux linkages
dt
The flux linkages tell how much flux is linking an
N turn coil:

i
i=1

If flux links every coil then N

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Inductance
For a linear magnetic system; that is,
one where B
= H,
we can define the inductance, L, to
be the constant of proportionality
relating the current and the flux
linkage: = L I,
where L has units of Henrys (H).

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