UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES

PHYSICS II (PHYS 1004) Semester 2

Worksheet 4(B)- Magnetic Materials

1. KEY POINTS AND FORMULAE

 Magnetic moment M associated with a current loop is given as M=IA.
𝑒ℎ
 The quantity is called Bohr Magneton, is the minimum packet of magnetization and is
4𝜋𝑚
represented by the symbol μB.
 The quantities B, H and M are all inter-related. For an isotropic medium (i.e., B, H and M are all
in the same direction), the following relation holds: B= μ0 (H+M). For free space :M=0 then : B=
μ0 H,
 All magnetic materials fall into the category of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic
materials depending upon their response to the external applied field.
 Hysteresis is the phenomenon that tells us that magnetic materials do not completely lose their
magnetism when applied magnetic field is removed.
 Magnetic induction B is constituted by magnetization (M) and magnetic intensity (H).
 Bohr magneton is the minimum packet of atomic dipole moment.
 Diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are categorized on the basis of their
response to the external applied field.
 Materials having zero magnetization are called the anti-ferromagnetic materials.
𝑀
 Magnetic susceptibility 𝜒 = 𝜇0 𝐵 , where B is the initial magnetic field and 𝜇0 the vacuum
permeability.

 B= μ0 (H+M) = μ0 (H+ 𝜒𝑚 H) =μH

𝜇
 Relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚
0
𝐶
 For paramagnetic material 𝜒𝑚 =
𝑇
𝐶
 For ferromagnetic material, 𝜒𝑚 = . This is the Curie Weiss law. C is Curie constant and Tc
𝑇−𝑇𝑐

is the Curie temperature. When T > Tc, ferromagnetic material behaves as paramagnetic.
 2. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1 . Basic source of magnetism ______________.

(a) Charged particles alone
(b) Movement of charged particles
(c) Magnetic dipoles
(d) Magnetic domains

Q2. Units for magnetic flux density

(a) Wb / m2
(b) Wb / A.m
(c) A / m
(d) Tesla / m

Q3. Magnetic permeability has units as

(a) Wb / m2
(b) Wb / A.m
(c) A / m
(d) Tesla / m

Q4. Magnetic permeability has units as

(a) Tesla
(b) Henry
(c) Tesla / m
(d) Henry / m

Q5. Magnetic field strength’s units are

(a) Wb / m2
(b) Wb / A.m
(c) A / m
(d) Tesla / m

Q6. Example for dia-magnetic materials

(a) super conductors
(b) alkali metals
(c) transition metals
(d) Ferrites

Q7. Example for para-magnetic materials

(a) super conductors
(b) alkali metals
(c) transition metals
(d) Ferrites

Q8. Example for ferro-magnetic materials

(a) super conductors
(b) alkali metals
(c) transition metals
(d) Ferrites

Q9. Magnetic susceptibility para-magnetic materials is

(a) +10-5
(b) -10-5
(c) 105
(d) 10-5 to 10-2

Q10. Magnetic susceptibility dia--magnetic materials is

(a) +10-5
(b) -10-5
(c) 105
(d) 10-5 to 10-2

Q11. Magnetic susceptibility ferro-magnetic materials is

(a) +10-5
(b) -10-5
(c) 105
(d) 10-5 to 10-2

Q12. A Bohr magneton is equal to:

(a) 9.27 × 10‒14 A−m2
(b) 9.27 × 10‒24 A−m2
(c) 6.27 × 10‒14 A−m2
(d) 6.27 × 10‒24 A−m2.

3. TUTORIAL SHEET

1. A magnetic field 0f 1800 A/m produces a magnetic flux of 3x 10-5 Wb in an iron bar of cross-
sectional area 0.2cm2. Calculate the permeability (Ans: 8.3 x 10-4 H/m)

2. Express the smallest allowed magnitude of the atomic dipole moment in units of J/T. (Ans:9.27x10-
24
J/T)

3. Iron has a relative permeability of 5000. Calculate its magnetic susceptibility.(Ans:4900)

4. Diamagnetic Al2O3 is subjected to and external magnetic field of 105 A/m. Evaluate magnetization
and magnetic flux density in Al2O3. (Susceptibility of Al2O3 =-5 x 10-5) (Ans: 0.126 Wb/m2)

5. Find the relative permeability of the ferromagnetic material if a magnetic field of strength 220A/m
produces magnetization of 3300A/m in it. (Ans. 16)
6. An electron in a hydrogen atom moves in a circular orbit of radius 0.5 Angstroms. The electron
performs 1016 revolutions per second. Determine the magnetic moment associated with the orbital
motion of the electron. (Ans: 1.23x10-23 A-m2)

7. The area of a hysteresis loop drawn between B and H is 100m2. Each unit space along the vertical
axis represent 0.01 Wb/m2 and each unit space along the horizontal axis represents 40A/m.
Determine the hysteresis loss per cycle. (Ans. 40 J/m3)

8. Calculate the power loss due to hysteresis in a transformer core that is wound with a coil carrying an
alternating current at a frequency of 50 Hz. The magnetism is uniform throughout the core volume
of 0.01m3 and the area of the hysteresis loop is 50000 units on a graph drawn with the units of scales
for the two axes as 10-4 Wb/m2 and 102 A/m. (Ans. 250 W)

9. The magnetic dipole moment of an atom in a paramagnetic gas is 0.9x 10-23 J/T. Calculate the
temperature at which the average thermal energy of an atom is equal to its magnetic energy. The
atom is kept in a magnetic field of 0.72T. (Ans. 0.31K)

10. Calculate the magnetization of a paramagnetic salt at temperature 300K in a magnetic field of 0.4 T.
The Curie’s constant for this paramagnetic salt is 2x 10-3 K. (Ans. 2.12 A/m)

11. The saturation magnetic induction of nickel is 0.065 T. If the density of nickel is 8906 kg/m3 and the
atomic weight is 58.7, find out the magnetic moment of the nickel atom in Bohr magneton (Ans.
0.61 μB)

12. Plot the B-H characteristic for cast iron using the following data:
B(Wb/m2) H(At/m)
0.1 280
0.2 620
0.3 990
0.4 1400
0.5 2000
0.6 2800

4. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

1. Explain magnetic flux density, B, magnetic field strength, H, and magnetization, M. How are
they related to each other?

2. What are soft and hard magnetic materials? Give their characteristic properties and applications.
3. Distinguish between paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic substances. Also discuss
briefly the terms anti-ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism on the basis of magnetic dipoles of
atoms.

4. Distinguish between ferro-, ferri- and antiferromagnetic materials. Out of these, which materials
are used for permanent magnets? Why?

5. A ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field of intensity H. What is the energy stored
in the material?

6. What is meant by hysteresis? Explain hysteresis loss. How would you use the hysteresis curves
to select material for the construction of permanent magnet?

7. What are ferrites? In what respect are they superior to ferromagnetic materials? What are the
applications of ferrites.

8. What are the physical basis of diamagnetism and paramagnetism of materials? Describe the
Weiss’s molecular theory of ferromagnetism and derive the Curie-Weiss law.

9. Derive an expression for diamagnetic susceptibility on the basis of Langevin’s theory and show
that it is independent of temperature.

10. What do you understand by hysteresis remanence (retentivity) and coercivity? How do you
determine the value of remanence and coercivity from a hysteresis loop?

11. What should be the characteristics of permanent magnetic materials?

12. Explain ferromagnetism on the basis of domain theory. Why does a piece of iron ordinarily not
behave as a magnet?

13. Explain the difference between the terms “ Curie temperature” and “Neel temperature”

14. Discuss the variation of spontaneous magnetization with temperature for ferromagnetic
materials.

15. Compare and contrast ferromagnetism with ferrimagnetism.