Communicating Over The Network - 2

CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Course Introduction
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Cisco Career Certifications

CCNA Exam 640-801
CCIE
CCNP
CCNA
Expert
Professional
Associate
Required
Exam
Recommended Training Through

Cisco Learning Partners
CCNA
Cisco Certified Network Associate
INTRO and
ICND
Introduction to Cisco Networking

Technologies and Interconnecting
Cisco Network Devices
http://www.cisco.com/go/certifications
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Cisco Different Certifications Fields

CCIE Routing
and Switching
CCNP
CCNP
Network Design
CCIE
Security
Network Service Provider

CCIE
ServiceCCIE
Provider
Storage Networking
CCIP
None
CCVP
CCNA
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
CCNA
CCIE
Voice
CCSP
Network Security
CCIP
CCDA
or
CCNA
CCNA
Network Implementation
CCIE
Service Provider
None
CCNA
CCNA
CCNA
Voice Networks
Storage Networking
Cisco Public
Communicating over the

Network
Network Fundamentals
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Objectives
1. Communication model
2. Network definition.
3. Network components.
4. Network topologies.
5. Network types .
6. Network reference models.
7. Protocol concept.
8. Encapsulation and PDU.
9. Network addressing.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Network definition
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
1- Elements of Communication
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
2- Network definition
Network:
Group of components or devices which are connected
together to give the user a certain service (application).
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
Importance of Networks
Data network is a result of business need.
Easy access and sharing of information
Sharing of expensive devices and network
resources
Modern Technologies (IP telephony, Video
Conferencing, .etc)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
10
3- Network components
Network has three main components
End devices (servers and hosts)
- Source of applications (network aware applications)
- ex: HTTP (Hyper Text Transmission Protocol),
FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
Telnet
Network Devices
- Devices that interconnect different computers together
- ex: Repeaters, hub, bridge, switch, router, NIC and modems
Connectivity
- Media that physically connect the computers and network devices
- ex: Wireless and cables
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
11
End devices
End devices:
Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers, web servers)
Network printers
VoIP phones
Security cameras
Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless barcode scanners, PDAs)
End devices are referred to as
hosts.
A host device is either the source or destination of a message.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
12
switch
or hub
switch
or hub
routers
Intermediary
Devices
Intermediary devices:
Provide connectivity to the network (switches/hubs)
Connect individual networks (routers)
Examples:
Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access
points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Security Devices (firewalls)

Cisco Public
13
Network
Media
Network media: The medium provides the channel over which the
message travels from source to destination.
Metallic wires - encoding into patterns of electrical impulses.
Fiber optics encoding into pulses of light (infrared or visible light ranges)
Wireless encoding patterns of electromagnetic waves.
(Later: OSI Physical Layer)

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
14
Network
Media
Different media considerations:

Distance it can carry the signal
Environment it works in
Bandwidth
Cost of medium and installation
Cost of connectors and equipment
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
15
Network topologies
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
16
4- Network Topologies
Topology: How devices are connected together
Physical Topology: It describes how devices are physically cabled
Logical Topology: It describes how devices communicate across
physical topology
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
17
Physical VS. Logical Topology

10-Base-2
10-Base-5
Physical Topology is Bus

Logical Topology is
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Bus
Cisco Public
18
Star Topology (10-Base-T)

PC
Twisted pair
Hub
Ethernet in a box
Physical Topology is star
Logical Topology is
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Bus
Cisco Public
19

10-Base-T Switch
switch
100-Base-T Switch

Logical Topology is
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
- Point to point
- Star
- Mesh
Cisco Public
20
Ring Topology
A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the first.
This creates a physical ring of cable.
If the first host needs to send data to the last host, the data must path
through all the hosts before reaching the end host.
Ex.: Token Ring, & FDDI
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
21

FDDI
Physical Topology is Ring

Logical Topology is
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Ring
Cisco Public
22

Token Ring Hub
Ring in a box
Logical Topology is
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Ring
Cisco Public
23
Mesh Topology
A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much
protection as possible from interruption of service.
Each host has its own connections to all other hosts.
Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one
location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
24
Network types
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
25
5- Network Types
LAN (Local Area Network):
It is a group of network components that work within small area.
It characterized by high data speeds (up to 10Gbps) using:
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, GigaEthernet,10Gigabit Ethernet
and ATM.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
It is a group of LANs that are interconnected within small area.
It characterized by very high data speeds (up to 40Gbps) using:
Metro Ethernet, ATM over SONET and SDH.
WAN (Wide Area Network):
It is a group of LANs that are interconnected within large area
It characterized by slow data speeds (up to 155Mbps & 622Mbps
using:
analog dial-up, digital dial-up (ISDN), leased lines, X.25, DSL,
Frame-Relay & ATM.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
26
Local Area Network (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)

An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing
services and applications to people within a common organizational
structure, such as a single business, campus or region.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
27
Network Types
Define Wide Area Networks (WANs)
- LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a
network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)
Cairo site
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Alex site
Cisco Public
28
Network Types
Define the Internet
The internet is defined as a
global mesh of interconnected networks
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
29
Network
reference models
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
30
6- Reference Models
A framework (guideline) for network implementation and
troubleshooting
Divides complex functions into simpler components
Importance of reference model:
Vendor interoperability standardization.
Better understanding of data transfer
Reference model types :

OSI (Open System Interconnection ).
TCP/IP (DOD Model)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
31
TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model has the following four layers:
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
32
Reference Models & Interoperability problem.

In the mid-1980s, the network technologies that had
emerged had been created with a variety of different
hardware and software implementations.
Each company that created network hardware and
software used its own company standards.
Consequently, many of the new network technologies
were incompatible with each other.
Need:
Achieve open interconnection between multi vendors
Solution -------OSI-RM
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
(reference model).
Cisco Public
33
OSI Model
It standardizes network
components to allow multiple
vendor development and
support.
It allows different types of
network hardware and software
to communicate with each other.
S/W
It prevents changes in one layer

from affecting other layers.
It divides network
communication into smaller
parts to make learning it easier
to understand.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
S/W
H/W
Cisco Public
34
OSI-RM
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
35
Layer 7 - The Application Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Its the S\w on our pcs that

is used to represent a user
interface to the network &
so aids the user to make
applications.
Examples:
Email (SMTP,POP3)
Web browsers (HTTP)
FTP
Telnet
Cisco Public
36
Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
This layer is responsible

for presenting the data in
the proper format .
Examples:
ASCII, AVI,JPG,.
2 Data Link
1 Physical
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
37
Layer 5 - The Session Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
Ensure that all information

required for opening a
session is available.
Give orders for:
establishment, management,
and termination of the
session.
2 Data Link
1 Physical
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
38
Layer 4 - The Transport Layer
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Responsible for actual

mechanism of:
1. Establishment of connection.
2. Management of connection:
2.1) segmentation.
2.2) sequencing.
2.3) end-to-end check.
2.4) error detection &correction.
2.5) flow control.
3. Termination of connection.
Examples:
TCP (transmission control
protocol).
UDP (User Datagram Protocol).39
Cisco Public
Layer 3 - The Network Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Responsible for:
1. End-to-end delivery.
2. Logical addressing .
EX:
IPv4,IPv6,IPX,APPLETALK
3. Routing (choose the best
path to destination.)
EX: RIP,OSPF,IS-IS,EIGRP
Cisco Public
40
Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
Responsible for:
1. Hop-to hop data delivery.
2. Hop-to-hop addressing
(MAC Address in Ethernet).
3. Hop-to-hop error detection
4. Hop-to-hop flow control.
1 Physical
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
41
Layer 1 - The Physical Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Its responsible for all

Physical properties of the
network :
1. Cable length.
2. Cable type.
3. Bit rate.
4. Voltage levels.
5. H/W interface types.
Cisco Public
42
Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Compare OSI and TCP/IP model
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
43
TCP/IP Model
How each layer is implemented.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
44
The Application Layer
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
45
The Transport Layer
Connection oriented, reliable service

Connectionless, unreliable service
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
46
The Internet Layer
Routing protocols,
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
47
The Network Access Layer
,L2 LAN technologies : Ethernet , Tokenring

FDDI
L2 WAN technologies : Point-to-Point (HDLC
, PPP) , Frame relay
X.25 ,ATM
ARP, RARP, Proxy ARP
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
48
Encapsulation process
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
49
8- Encapsulation
Data Link
Header
IP
Header
TCP
Header
HTTP
Header
Data Link
Trailer
Data
Server
HTTP Data
Encapsulation Process
of adding control
information as it passes
down through the layered
model.
trailer
Note: Application Header (HTTP) may or may not exist. (later)

ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
50
The Communication Process - Decapsulation

Data Link
Header
IP
Header
TCP
Header
HTTP
Header
Data
Data Link
Trailer
Client
HTTP Data
trailer
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
51
The
Communication
Process
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - The form that a piece of data takes at any layer.
At each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new
appearance.
PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite.
Data - The general term for the PDU used at the Application layer
Segment - Transport Layer PDU
Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU
Frame - Network Access Layer PDU
Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
52
Peer to peer
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
53
9- Addressing and Naming Schemes

Explain how labels in encapsulation headers are used
to manage communication in data networks
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
54
Difference Between IP & MAC addresses

MAC B
IP: 1.1.1.2
MAC D
IP: 2.2.2.1
MAC A
IP: 1.1.1.1
MAC C
IP: 1.1.1.3
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
MAC E
IP: 2.2.2.2
Cisco Public
55
What is the Address on my Ethernet NIC?
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
56
Network devices capabilities
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
57
Summary
NETWORK
Definition& importance
devices
topologies
types
Reference models
encapsulation
addressing
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
58
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
Cisco Public
59

Communicating Over The Network - 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Communicating Over The Network - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCNA

Cisco Certified Network Associate

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Career Certifications

Recommended Training Through

Cisco Certified Network Associate

Introduction to Cisco Networking

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Different Certifications Fields

Network Service Provider

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.