Fat Metabolism

Im not fat, Ive just got a lot of potential energy!

Digestion, Mobilization, and

Transport

http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/emarcotte/ch339k/fall2005/Lecture-Ch17-1/Slide2.JPG

Emulsification
Fats are not water soluble
Made into bile salts that are
Absorbed as micelles in small intestines

Chylomicron Carriers
proteins that carry fats
stored in adipose tissue

Role of Hormones
Can mobilize from adipose
Release as Fatty acids
Epinephrene and glucagon release cAMP
make fatty acids and glycerol
mobilizes fat

Animation of Process
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/
0470003790/animations/fatty_acid_metabol
ism/fatty_acid_metabolism.htm
FUN!

Activation and Transported to

Mitochondria

FA + CA --> ATP = FA-CoA + AMP + Ppi

Driven by breakup of Ppi
Acyl CoA Synthetase
-32.5 kJ
Transported through inner mito membrane
via carnitine
uses specific acyl carnitine transporter

Carnitine
CH3
H3C

CH2 CH CH2 C

CH3

OH

O
O

Formation of acyl carnitine

CH3
H3C

N CH2 CH CH2 C
CH3
carnitine

OH

CH3

CoAS C

H3C

N CH2 CH CH2 C
CH3

acyl CoA

O
O

O
C

acyl carnitine

Can get transported across inner mitochondrial

membrane

CoASH

Animation of Process
http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/te
mplates/student_resources/shared_resources
/animations/carnitine/carnitine1.html

Beta Oxidation
Breakdown of fats into
Acetyl coenzyme A --> Kreb Cycle
FADH2 --> Oxidative Phosphorylation
NADH--> Oxidative Phosphorylation

Breaks off two carbons at a time to acetyl

CoA
Remaining goes another round

Reactions Diagram
acetyl CoA
O

O
O

acyl-CoA

CH2

CH2

CH2

S-CoA
R

CH2

CH3

S-CoA

S-CoA

FAD
Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase

FADH2

HSCoA

thiolase

O
beta-enoyl CoA

O
R

CH

CH

CH2

S-CoA

CH2

CH2

beta-ketoacyl CoA

H2O
enoyl-CoA hydratase

beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase
O

OH
R

CH2

CH

CH2

NADH
NAD+

S-CoA

beta hydroxyacyl CoA

S-CoA

Reactions of Beta Oxidation

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase
FAD

O
R

CH2

CH2

CH2

FADH2

O
R

S-CoA

CH

CH

CH2

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase

acyl-CoA

beta-enoyl CoA

Puts in a double bond

Oxidizes C-C bond to double bond

Produces FADH2

S-CoA

Reactions of Beta oxidation

Enoyl CoA Hydratase
H2O

O
R

CH

CH

CH2

OH
R

S-CoA

CH2

CH

O
CH2

enoyl-CoA hydratase

beta-enoyl CoA

adds water
forms -hydroxy product

beta-hydroxyacyl CoA

S-CoA

Reactions of Beta Oxidation

-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
OH
R

CH2

CH

NAD+

O
CH2

beta-hydroxyacyl CoA

NADH
R

S-CoA

CH2

beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase

oxidizes secondary alcohol to ketone

Oxygen-containing group
Produces NADH

O
C

CH2

beta-ketoacyl CoA

S-CoA

Reactions of Beta Oxidation

Acyl-CoA acetyltransferase (thiolase)
O

acetyl CoA
O

O
R

CH2

CH3

S-CoA

HSCoA
CH2

S-CoA

beta-ketoacyl CoA

R
thiolase

CH2

acyl CoA

Uses another CoA

Produces Acetyl CoA
Acyl CoA can go another round

S-CoA

Overall Per Beta Oxidation cycle

1 FADH21.5 ATP
1 NADH.2.5 ATP
1 Acetyl CoA to Krebs
3 NADH X 2.5 ATP / NADH7.5 ATP
1 FADH2.1.5 ATP
1 GTP..1.0 ATP
Total =
14.0 ATP
Dont use this values for FADH2 & NADH!!!!

Beta Oxidation on 16 C fatty Acid

O
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C

Beta Oxidation on 16 C fatty Acid

2

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C

3
2

7 rounds of Beta oxidation (bottom numbers)

Form 8 acetyl Co A (top numbers)

Beta Oxidation on 16 C fatty Acid

totals

7 rounds of beta oxidation

7 rounds X FADH2 X 1.5 ATP
round
FADH2
7 rounds X NADH X 2.5 ATP
round
NADH
8 acetyl CoA
8 Krebs
8 Krebs X 3 NADH X 2.5 ATP
Krebs
NADH
8 Krebs X FADH2 X 1.5 ATP
Krebs
FADH2
8 Krebs X GTP
X 1 ATP
Krebs
GTP
1 ATP used to activate
Use our orig values.

Total

10.5 ATP

= 17.5 ATP

= 60 ATP
= 12 ATP
=

8 ATP

= - 1 ATP
107 ATP

Unsaturated Fat Metabolism

special enzymes needed to convert cis
bonds in fatty acids to trans bonds

Regulation of Fat Metabolism

Transport is rate-limiting
Regulation of carnitine acyl transferase
off by fat synth products
high NADH

Ketone Bodies
Starvation causes accumulation of acetyl
CoA
not enough carbohydrates to keep Krebs Cycle
going
acetyl CoA forms acetoacetate, bhydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/ketonebo
diesPathway.asp

Diabetes and Ketone Bodies

When there is not enough insulin in the blood and
it must break down fat for its energy.
Ketones build up in the blood and then spill over
into the urine so that the body can get rid of them.
Acetone can be exhaled through the lungs. This
gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build
up in the body for a long time lead to serious
illness and coma. (Diabetic ketoacidosis)

Comparison of Fat Metabolism per

gram and CHO per gram
Fats provide about 9 kilocalories per gram and
carbohydrates provide about 4 kilocalories per
gram.
Using nutritional units, that is 9 Calories/gram
for fats and 4 Calories/gram for carbohydrates.
CHO provide energy more quickly
Fats are good fuel for endurance events, but
not sprints