ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
DEVELOP THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS
These are two very powerful analysis tools that allow us to
focus on parts of a circuit and hide away unnecessary complexities
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
This is a very useful application of Thevenins and Nortons theorems
THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREM
These are some of the most
powerful analysis results to be
discussed.
They permit to hide information
that is not relevant and concentrate
in what is important to the analysis
Low distortion audio power amplifier
TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND
AMPLIFIER ONE SHOULD ANALYZ
THIS CIRCUIT
From PreAmp
(voltage )
To speakers
Courtesy of M.J. Renardson
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.ht
ml
TO MATCH SPEAKERS AND AMPLIFIER
IT IS MUCH EASIER TO CONSIDER THIS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT!
T H
+
-
TH
REPLACE AMPLIFIER
BY SIMPLER
EQUIVALENT
THEVENINS EQUIVALENCE THEOREM
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th eir c o n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART A
RTH
vTH
vO
a
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
vO
_
PART A
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
for PART A
vTH
TheveninEquivalentSource
RTH
TheveninEquivalentResistance
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th e ir co n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART B
PART B
NORTONS EQUIVALENCE THEOREM
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th eir c o n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART A
RN
PART A
Norton Equivalent Circuit
for PART A
RN
Norton Equivalent Source
Norton Equivalent Resistance
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th e ir co n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART B
a
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
vO
_
iN
vO
iN
PART B
OUTLINE OF PROOF
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th eir c o n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART A
vO
_
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th e ir co n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART B
1. Because of the linearity of the models, for any Part B the relationsh
between Vo and the current, i, has to be of the form
v m *i n
O
2. Result must hold for every valid Part B that we can imagine
n vOC
3. If part B is an open circuit then i=0 and...
4. If Part B is a short circuit then Vo is zero. In this case
0 m * iSC vOC
vOC
m
RTH
iSC
vO RTH i vOC
THEVENIN APPROACH
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th eir c o n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART A
vO
vO RTH i vOC
R
vOC
+
_
TH
vO
PART A MUST BEHAVE LIKE
THIS CIRCUIT
ANY
PA RT B
For ANY circuit in Part B
This is the Thevenin equivalent
circuit for the circuit in Part A
The voltage source is called the
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT SOURCE
The resistance is called the
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
Norton ApproachvO vOC RTH i i
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th eir c o n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART A
i a
i SC
RTH
vO
Norton
vOC
i SC
RTH
vO
_
vOC
v
O
RTH RTH
ANY
PA RT B
Norton Equivalent
Representa
tion for Part A
i SC Norton EquivalentSource
ANOTHER VIEW OF THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS
vOC
+
_
i a
TH
Thevenin
vO
i SC
i SC
vOC
RTH
RTH
vO
Norton
This equivalence can be viewed as a source transformation proble
It shows how to convert a voltage source in series with a resistor
into an equivalent current source in parallel with the resistor
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION CAN BE A GOOD TOOL TO REDUCE THE
COMPLEXITY OF A CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE: SOLVE BY SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
In between the terminals we connect a cur
source and a resistance in parallel
The equivalent current source will have the
value 12V/3k
The 3k and the 6k resistors now are in para
and can be combined
In between the terminals we connect a vol
source in series with the resistor
The equivalent source has value 4mA*2k
The 2k and the 2k resistor become connec
in series and can be combined
After the transformation the sources can be com
The equivalent current source has value 8V/4k
and the combined current source has value 4mA
Options at this point
1. Do another source transformation and g
a single loop circuit
2. Use current divider to compute I_0 and
compute V_0 using Ohms law
A General Procedure to Determine the Thevenin Equivalent
vTH
i SC
RTH
OpenCircuit vo
ltage
voltageat a - b if PartB is removed
ShortCircuitCurrent
currentthrougha - b if PartB is replaced
by a shortcircuit
v
TH
TheveninEquivalentResistance One circuit problem
i SC
1. Determine the Remove part B and
Thevenin equivalentcompute the OPEN
source
CIRCUIT voltageVab
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th e ir co n tro llin g
v a ria b les
PART A
i 0 a
vOC
_
Vab
_
Second circuit problem
2. Determine the Remove part B and
SHORT CIRCUIT compute the SHORT
CIRCUIT currentI ab
current
vTH vOC , RTH
vOC
i SC
L IN E A R C IR C U IT
M a y co n ta in
in d ep en d en t a n d
d ep en d en t so u rces
w ith th e ir c o n tro llin g
va ria b les
PART A
i SC
v0
_
I ab
b
AN EXAMPLE OF DETERMINING THE THEVENIN EQUIVALENT
R
+
-
VTH
IS
Part B is irrelevant.
The voltage V_ab will be the value of the
Thevenin equivalent source.
a
2
I SC
T o P a rt B
What is an efficient technique to compute th
open circuit voltage?
VTH VTH VS
IS 0
R2
R1
Now for the short circuit current
Lets try source superposition
When the current source is open the
1
current through the short circuit Iis
SC
VS
R1
When the voltage source is set to zero,
2
I SC
the current through the short circuit
is
I SC
1
1
VS
( )VTH
IS
R1 R2
R1
VTH
IS
VS
IS
R1
To compute the Thevenin resistance we
use
RTH
VTH
I SC
VTH
NODE
ANALYSIS
R2
RR
VS 1 2 I S
R1 R2
R1 R2
R1 R2 VS
I S
R1 R2 R1
RTH
R1 R2
R1 R2
For this case the Thevenin resistance can be computed as
the resistance from a - b when all independent sources have been
set to zero
Determining the Thevenin Equivalent in Circuits with Only INDEPENDENT SOU
The Thevenin Equivalent Source is computed as the open loop voltage
The Thevenin Equivalent Resistance CAN BE COMPUTED by setting to zero all the source
and then determining the resistance seen from the terminals where the equivalent will b
a
V
+
-
IS
T o P art B
TH
b
Part B
RTH 3k
Since the evaluation of the Theve
equivalent can be very simple, we
can add it to our toolkit for the
solution of circuits!!
RTH 4k
Part B
5k
PART B
6V
VO
1k
(6V ) 1[V ]
1k 5k
EXAMPLE
COMPUTE Vo USING THEVENIN
In the region shown, one could use source
transformation twice and reduce that part t
a single source with a resistor.
... Or we can apply Thevenin Equivalence
to that part (viewed as Part A)
RTH 4k
The original circuit becomes...
VTH
And one can apply Thevenin one more time!
For open loop voltage use K
1
VTH
6
12[V ] 8[V ]
3 6
For the open loop voltage
the part outside the regio
is eliminated
1
TH
4k
1
VTH
4k * 2mA 8V 16V
...and we have a simple voltage divider!!
V0
8
16[V ] 8V
88
Or we can use Thevenin only once to get a voltage dividerFor the Thevenin resistance
RTH 8k
Part B
For the Thevenin voltage we have to analyze the
following circuit
METHOD??
Source superposition, for example
Contribution of the voltage source
1
VOC
6
12V 8V
3 6
Contribution of the current source
Thevenin Equivalent of Part A
2
VOC
(2k 2k ) * (2mA) 8V
Simple Voltage Divider
COMPUTE Vo USING NORTON
4k
I SC
RN RTH 3k
PART B
12V
I SC I N
2mA 2mA
3k
RN
IN
2k
RN
I N
RN 6 k
3
4
VO 2 (2) [V ]
9
3
VO 2kI 2k
COMPUTE Vo USING THEVENINPART B
VTH
RTH
+
-
VTH 12
2mA 0
3k
RTH 3k 4k
2k
VO
VTH
VO
2
4
(6V ) [V ]
27
3
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Courtesy of M.J. Renardson
http://angelfire.com/ab3/mjramp/index.ht
ml
From PreAmp
(voltage )
To speakers
The simplest model for a
speaker is a resistance...
R
R
T H
TH
TH
+
-
TH
SPE A K E R
M O D EL
+
-
BASIC MODEL FOR THE
ANALYSIS OF POWER
TRANSFER
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
R
+
-
TH
RL
2
VL2
RL
P
V
PL
; VL
VTH L
2 TH
RTH RL
RL
RTH RL
TH
VL
SO U R CE
For every choice of R_L we have a different power
How do we find the maximum value?
(L O A D )
Consider P_L as a function of R_L and find the
maximum of such function
RTH RL 2 RL RTH RL
dPL
2
VTH
4 3
dRL
R
TH
L
Set the derivative to zero to find extreme points.
For this case we need to set to zero the numerator
RTH RL 2 RL 0
*
RL
RTH
The maximum
power transfer
theorem
The value of the maximum
The load that maximizes the power transfer for a circu
power that can be
equal to the Thevenin equivalent resistance of the circ
transferred is
VTH2
PL (max)
4 RTH
ONLY IN THIS CASE WE NEED TO COMPUTE THE THEVENIN VOLT
