THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Example 2 :Working with a mix of independent and

dependent sources.
Find the voltage across the 100  load resistor by first
finding
the Thevenin circuit to the left of terminals A-B.
IS A

50  40 
30 
_+ 86 V
100 

6 IS
B

Circuit for Example 2.
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
First remove the 100  load resistor and find VAB = VTH to
the left of terminals A-B.
IS A

50  40 
30 
_+ 86 V

6 IS
B

Circuit for find VTH, Example 2.

 86  80 I S  6 I S  0  I S  1 A
VAB  6 I S  30 I S   36V
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
To find RTH we deactivate all independent sources but retain
all dependent sources as shown in Figure.
IS A

50  40 
30  R TH

6 IS
B


We cannot find RTH of the above circuit, as it stands. We

must apply either a voltage or current source at the load
and calculate the ratio of this voltage to current to find RTH.
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
IS 1A

50  40 
30 
IS + 1 V 1A
6 IS

Around the loop at the left we write the following equation:

50 I S  30( I S  1)  6 I S  0
From which 15
IS  A
43
 IS 1A

50  40 
30 
IS + 1 V 1A=I
6 IS

Circuit for find RTH.

Using the outer loop, going in the clockwise direction, using drops;
 15 
50    1(40)  V  0 or V  57.4 volts
 43 
V V
RTH    57.4 
I 1
The Thevenin equivalent circuit tied to the 100  load
resistor is shown below.
R TH

5 7 .4 

V TH +_ 36 V 100 

Thevenin circuit tied to load, Example 2.

36 x100
V100   22.9 V
57.4  100
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Assume that the network enclosed below is composed
of independent sources and resistors.

Network

Norton’s Theorem states that this network can be

replaced by a current source shunted by a resistance R.

I R
NORTON’S THEOREM:
In the Norton circuit, the current source is the short circuit
current of the network, that is, the current obtained by
shorting the output of the network. The resistance is the
resistance seen looking into the network with all sources
deactivated. This is the same as RTH.

IS S R N = R TH
NORTON’S THEOREM:

We recall the following from source transformations.

R
+ V
_ V R I=
R

In view of the above, if we have the Thevenin equivalent

circuit of a network, we can obtain the Norton equivalent
by using source transformation.
However, this is not how we normally go about finding
the Norton equivalent circuit.
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Example 3.
Find the Norton equivalent circuit to the left of terminals A-B
for the network shown below. Connect the Norton equivalent
circuit to the load and find the current in the 50  resistor.
10 A

20  40  A


+_ 50 V 60  50 


B
 10 A

20  40 

+_ 50 V 60 
IS S

Circuit for find INORTON.

It can be shown by standard circuit analysis that

I SS 10.7 A
 It can also be shown that by deactivating the sources,
We find the resistance looking into terminals A-B is
RN  55 
RN and RTH will always be the same value for a given circuit.
The Norton equivalent circuit tied to the load is shown below.

1 0 .7 A 55  50 

Final circuit for Example 3.

NORTON’S THEOREM:

Example 4. This example illustrates how one might use

Norton’s Theorem in electronics. The following circuit comes
close to representing the model of a transistor.
For the circuit shown below, find the Norton equivalent circuit
to the left of terminals A-B.
1 k IS A

+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40 
_

B
 1 k IS A

+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40 
_

We first find; VOC

RN 
I SS

We first find VOS:

VOC  VX  (25 I S )(40)  1000 I S

 1 k IS A

+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40  IS S
_

Circuit for find ISS, Example 4.

We note that ISS = - 25IS. Thus,

VOS  1000 I S
RN    40 
I SS  25 I S
 1 k IS A

+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40 
_

Circuit for find VOS, Example 4.

From the mesh on the left we have;

 5  1000 I S  3( 1000 I S )  0
From which,
I S   2.5 mA
We saw earlier that,
I SS   25 I S

Therefore;
I SS  62.5 mA
The Norton equivalent circuit is shown below.
A

I N = 6 2 .5 m A RN = 40 

B
Using source transformations we know that the
Thevenin equivalent circuit is as follows:

40 

+
_ 2 .5 V