GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE

SYSTEM & MAP PROJECTION

By- Vishal Kedia

M.Tech(Remote Sensing & GIS)
Maulana Azad National Institute Of Technology
BHOPAL

 Earth is almost a Geoid (ie.

Geophysically
an
equipotential
surface) which is a irregular
spheroid like structure.
Surface of Geoid matches very
much with the MSL.
Mathematically
earth
is
represented as spheroid.
Spheroid is the three dimensional
structure formed by the rotation of
an ellipse about the minor axis.
For the purpose of obtaining R.L.
of any point on earth surface Geoid
approximation of earth is assumed.
For the purpose of obtaining
geographic coordinate of earth pure
spheroid or ellipsoid is assumed.

OUR EARTH(SOME FACTS)

Geoid Undulation:
separation between
geoid & spheroid at any
Geoid undulation
point on the surface of
the earth.
Vertical
deflecti
on

WHAT IS DATUM?

It is the mathematical model of the earth which serves as a reference for

GEODETIC DATUM:

Geodetic datum are defined by several elements that include the

VERTICAL DATUM:

A vertical datum is the zero surface from which all elevations or height a

DIFFERENT ELLIPSOID MODELS

EXAMPLE DATUM:
NAD 27(North American Datum 1927) refers

WGS 84 PARAMETERS:
The coordinate origin of WGS 84 is meant to be located at the Earth's

WGS 84 PARAMETERS(CONT.)
Presently WGS 84 uses the

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE
SYSTEM

Its a coordinate system that fixes the location of any point on to the surf

LATTITUDE & LONGITUDE

The geodetic latitude of a point is the angle between the equatorial plan

LATTITUDE & LONGITUDE(CONT.)

Using prime meridian (at Greenwich 0 long.) as reference we can meas

PROJECTION ?

It is
the mathematical
transformation
of locations in the three-dimensio
Cylindrical
(tangent
across
line)
Conical
(tangent
across
line)

PROJECTION(CONT.)

PROJECTION(CONT.)

CENTRAL LINE IS MERIDIAN

EQUATOR
GREAT
CIRCLE

All the geometric properties tends to preserve along the central line and

PROJECTION(CONT.)

PROJECTION(CONT.)

PROJECTION(CONT.)

The idea of map projection is about preserving the properties (given be

For the spherical earth all the four properties are applicable but in the c

RECTANGULAR COORDINATE
SYSTEM

A coordinate is a set of numerical values that fixes the location of a poin

COORDINATE SYSTEM AND MAP

PROJECTION

The relationship between coordinate system and map projection is crucia

UTM COORDINATE SYSTEM

UTM COORDINATE SYSTEM(CONT.)

It is the modified form of Transverse

Mercator Projection System in which
instead
of
using
one
cylinder
as
developable surface we use multiple
cylinders that touch the globe at 6 degree
interval meridians resulting in 60 projection
zones each of 6 degree longitude width.
To avoid extreme distortions projection
zones are limited to 84 N & 80 S.

UTM COORDINATE SYSTEM(CONT.)

UTM
coordinate
system
is
formed
by
superimposing a regular grid on each projection
zone such that vertical lines are parallel to the
central meridian.
Each UTM zone is divided into horizontal bands
spanning 8 degrees of lattitude & these are
identified by the letters North to South beginning
at 80 S with letter c and ending at 84 N with
letter X , letter I & O are not used (skipped).
Band X spans 12 degrees of lattitude.

UTM COORDINATE SYSTEM(CONT.)

UTM COORDINATE SYSTEM(CONT.)

UTM coordinates are expressed as a

distance in meters to east Easting &
to north Northing.
UTM easting of central meridian is
500,000 m east ie. false origin is
500,000 m west of the central
meridian.

UTM COORDINATE SYSTEM(CONT.)

Equator is assigned 0 m N (zero

northing). To avoid ve nos for locations
south of the equator position fixing in
the southern hemisphere is made with
equator assigned a value of 10,000,000
m S.
By combining the zone no, the
hemisphere, easting and northing
values; each point on the earth surface
can be uniquely located.

ANY QUESTIONS?

THANKING YOU!