SCATTER AND GRIDS

Chapter 6, Fauber
Supplement-Chapter 14, Bushong
REVIEW:MATTER OR TUBE
INTERACTION?
 Bremsstrahling
 Characteristic
 Coherent
 Compton
 Exit/remnant
 Infrared
 Photoelectric
Scatter
 Which interaction causes scatter?
 What factors increase scatter?
 If low kVp is used, what type of matter
interaction increases?
REDUCING SCATTER
 Beam restriction
 Collimation – as collimation increases what
happens to patient’s dose?
 Collimation – as collimation increases what
happens to the production of scatter?
 Collimation- as collimation increases what
happens to the scale of contrast- shorter or
longer?
Beam restricting devices
 Aperture diaphragms
 “hole”
 Cones/Cylinders
 Collimators
 Two sets of adjustable lead shutters (pg 144)
 PBL
 REVIEW
 INHERENT FILTRATION?
 ADDED FILTRATION?
 BY LAW, MINIMUM AMOUNT OF
FILTRATION?
 LONG SCALE CONTRAST AND
SCATTER- IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP?
 GRID
 1913 Dr.Gustave Bucky.
 1/4 inch thick and range from 8 x10 to 17 x17
 Lead strips separated by interspaces
 Center line directs the radiographer as to
which way the lines are running.
WHEN TO USE A GRID
 Pt thickness
 kVp chosen (some argument here!!!)
 What exactly does a grid do?
 (see pg 147)
 Absorbs scatter while allowing primary radiation
to pass through
GRID CONSTRUCTION
 INTERSPACE MATERIAL
 MADE FROM?
 GRID FREQUENCY
 Higher the Frequency, the thinner the interspace material
 GRID RATIO
 RATIO OF HEIGHT OF LEAD STRIPS TO THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM h/D
 HIGHER THE RATIO, THE ---------THE FREQUENCY
 WATCH OUT FOR TESTING TRICKS- THE
THICKNESS OF THE LEAD IS NOT USED TO
CALCULATE GRID RATIO.
GRID PATTERNS
 Linear
 Cross or cross hatched
 Parallel or non-focused grid
 Focused grid
 Focal distance and convergent point
 Recommended SID
 Wafer grid/grid cassette/grid cap
STATIONARY VS
RECIPROCATING GRIDS
Potter Bucky diaphragm
Grid Conversion
 See page 154, table 6-2
 Add 10:1 Bucky Factor/GCF = 5
 Let’s discuss an easier way to increasing grid
ratio and missing factor
GRID BOO BOOS
 Grid cut-off –FOUR TYPES
 Upside down focused grid boo boo
 Off level grid boo boo
 Off center grid boo boo
 Off focus grid boo boo
GRID BOO BOOS
 Grid cut-off -4 TYPES
 Upside down focused  Loss of density, edges
grid boo boo
 Off level grid boo boo  Over all reduction of density
 Off center grid boo boo  Over all reduction of density
 Off focus grid boo boo  Loss of density, periphery
A typical grid is or has
 Linear Why?
 Focussed Why?
 Mid ratio Why?
 Focal range of 40 or 72 inches Why?
AIR GAP (Works like a grid)
 Increased OID
 Less scatter reaching IR
 Why is this limited in its usefulness?