GASES

FITR I GINA GUNAWAN (151411008)

NOORMA NURMALASARI (151411023)

INTRODUCTION
The terms petroleum gas and refinery gas are often used to identify
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or even gas that emanates from the top of a
refinery distillation column.
For the purpose of this text, petroleum gas not only describes liquefied
petroleum gas but also natural gas and refinery gas. In this chapter, each gas
is, in turn, referenced by its name rather than the generic term petroleum gas
(ASTM D-4150). However, the composition of each gas varies (Table 3.1) and
recognition of this is essential before testing protocols are applied.
The first and most important aspect of gaseous testing is the
measurement of the volume of gas (ASTM D-1071). In this test method,
several techniques are described and may be employed for any purpose where
it is necessary to know the quantity of gaseous fuel. In addition, the
thermophysical properties of methane (ASTM D-3956), ethane (ASTM D-3984),
propane (ASTM D-4362), n-butane (ASTM D-4650), and iso-butane (ASTM D4651) should be available for use and consultation

PROPERTIES AND TEST METHODS

Calorific
Value

Density

Compositi
on
Volatilit
y and
vapor
pressur
e

Sulfur

1. CALORIFIC VALUE (HEAT OF

COMBUSTION)
Various types of test methods are available for the direct determination of calorific value (ASTM
D-900, ASTM D-1826, ASTM D-3588, ASTM D-4981). The most important of these are the
Wobbe index [WI; or Wobbe number = calorific value/(specific gravity] and the flame speed,
usually expressed as a factor or an arbitrary scale on which the value of hydrogen is 100.
This factor can be calculated from the gas analysis. In fact, calorific value and specific gravity
can be calculated from compositional analysis (ASTM D-3588). The Wobbe number gives a
measure of the heat input to an appliance through a given aperture at a given gas pressure.
By using this as a vertical coordinate and the flame speed factor (fsf) as the horizontal
coordinate a combustion diagram can be constructed for an appliance, or a whole range of
appliances, with the aid of appropriate test gases.
Another important combustion criterion is the gas modulus, M = P/W, where P is the gas
pressure and W is the Wobbe number of the gas. This must remain constant if a given degree of
aeration is to be maintained in apreaerated burner using air at atmospheric pressure.

3. DENSITY
The density of light hydrocarbons can be determined by several methods
(ASTM D-1070) including a hydrometer method (ASTM D-1298) and a
pressure hydrometer method (ASTM D-1657, IP 235). The specific gravity
(relative density) (ASTM D-1070, ASTM D-1657) by itself has little significance
compared with its use for higher-molecular-weight liquid petroleum products
and can only give an indication of quality characteristics when combined with
values for volatility and vapor pressure. It is important for stock quantity
calculations and is used in connection with transport and storage.

2. COMPOSITION
Currently the preferred method for the analysis of liquefied petroleum gas, and indeed for most
petroleum-related gases, is gas chromatography (ASTM D-2163, IP 264). This technique can be used
for the identification and measurement of both main constituents and trace constituents. However,
there may be some accuracy issues that arise in the measurement of the higher-boiling constituents
because of relative volatility under the conditions in which the sample is held. Capillary column gas
chromatography is an even quicker and equally accurate alternative. Mass spectrometry (ASTM D1137) is also suitable for analysis of petroleum gases. Of the other spectroscopic techniques, infrared
and ultraviolet absorption may be applied to petroleum gas analysis for some specialized
applications. Gas chromatography has also largely supplanted chemical absorption methods of
analysis, but again these may have some limited specialized application. Once the composition of a
mixture has been determined it is possible to calculate various properties such as specific gravity,
vapor pressure, calorific value and dew point.
In general, gas chromatography will undoubtedly continue to be the method of choice for
characterization of light hydrocarbon materials. New and improved detection devices and techniques,
such as chemiluminescence, atomic emission, and mass spectroscopy, will enhance selectivity,
detection limits, and analytical productivity. Laboratory automation through autosampling, computer
control, and data handling will provide improved precision and productivity, as well as simplified
method operation. properties and test methods Compositional analysis can be used to calculate
calorific value, specific gravity, and compressibility factor (ASTM D-3588). Mercury in natural gas is
also measured by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (ASTM D-6350) and by atomic absorption
spectroscopy (ASTM D-5954).

4. SULFUR
The sulfur compounds that are mainly responsible for corrosion are hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl
sulfide, and, sometimes, elemental sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans have distinctive
unpleasant odors. Control of the total sulfur content, hydrogen sulfide, and mercaptans ensures
that the product is not corrosive or nauseating. Stipulating a satisfactory copper strip test
further ensures control of corrosion.
Total sulfur in gas can be determined by combustion (ASTM D-1072), by the lamp method
(ASTM D-1266), or by hydrogenation (ASTM D-3031, ASTM D-4468). Trace total organic and
bound nitrogen is determined (ASTM D-4629). The current test method for heavy residues in
liquefied petroleum gas (ASTM D-2158) involves evaporation of a liquefied petroleum gas
sample, measuring the volume of residue and observing the residue for oil stain on a piece of
filter paper.
Corrosive sulfur compounds can be detected by their effect on copper and the form in which the
general copper strip corrosion test (ASTM Dl838) for petroleum products is applied to liquefied
petroleum gas. Hydrogen sulfide can be detected by its action on moist lead acetate paper, and
a procedure is also used as a measure of sulfur compounds.

5. VOLATILITY AND VAPOR PRESSURE

The vaporization and combustion characteristics of liquefied petroleum gas are defined for normal
applications by volatility, vapor pressure, and to a lesser extent, specific gravity. Volatility is expressed
in terms of the temperature at which 95% of the sample is evaporated and presents a measure of the
least volatile component present (ASTM D-1837).Vapor pressure (IP 410) is therefore a measure of the
most extreme low-temperature conditions under which initial vaporization can take place.
The residue (ASTM D-1025, ASTM D-2158, IP 317), that is, nonvolatile matter, is a measure of the
concentration of contaminants boiling above 37.8C (100F) that may be present in the gas. For
natural gasoline, the primary criteria are volatility (vapor pressure) and knock performance.
Determination of the vapor pressure (ASTM D-323, ASTM D-4953, ASTM D-5190, ASTM D-5191) and
distillation profile (ASTM D-216, IP 191) is essential. Knock performance is determined by rating in
knock test engines by both the motor method (ASTM D-2700, IP 236) and the research method (ATSM2699, IP 237). The knock characteristics of liquefied petroleum gases can also be determined (IP 238).
Other considerations for natural gasoline are copper corrosion (ASTM D-130, IP 154, IP 411) and
specific gravity (ASTM D-1298, IP 160), the latter determination being necessary for measurement and
transportation.

6. WATER
It is a fundamental requirement that liquefied petroleum gas should not
contain free water (ASTM D-2713). Dissolved water may give trouble by
forming hydrates and giving moisture vapor in the gas phase. Both of these
will lead to blockages. Therefore, test methods are available to determine the
presence of water using electronic moisture analyzers (ASTM D-5454), dewpoint temperature (ASTM D-1142), and length-of-stain detector tubes (ASTM
D-4888).

NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is found in petroleum reservoirs as free gas (associated gas), in
solution with petroleum in the reservoir (dissolved gas), or in reservoirsthat
contain only gaseous constituents and no (or little) petroleum.
Natural Gas (Gas), either as a associated gas and non associated gas
A desired component of natural gas is a component of Hydrocarbons
Component of natural gas is undesirable impurities
Purification of natural gas is an attempt to mitigate / reduce the content of
impurities to the extent desired requirements

KOMPONEN GAS ALAM

C o m p o ne nt s o f na t u r a l g a s
hy d r o c a r b o n (g a s ) )

Components of non
hydrocarbon natural gas
(gas)

Hydrocarbon components in the form of compounds, a

compound of the n-paraffins and iso-paraffins

Compounds that are not contained in natural gas

(natural gas) is Naften, Aromatics and Olefins

The hydrocarbon component consists of:

CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, iso-C4H10, n-C5H12, iso-C5H12, dan
C6H14+

H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

RSH (mercaptans)

COS (carbon disulfide)

CS2 (carbon disulfide)

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

N2 (nitrogen gas)

He (helium)
Hg (mercury)

TEST PARAMETERS OF NATURAL GAS (GAS)

Should be tested in the laboratory against Gas Natural out of the well
The purpose of testing for natural gas:
1. to determine the content of chemical compounds contained therein
2. to determine the type of process purifikasinya (treating), the number of
unit processes, types
of chemicals used and the dose of chemicals
used

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GAS (GAS)

Properties of natural gas after the reduction / reduction of impurities

(treating):
Having a high-purity hydrocarbons, to ensure the quality and quantity of
natural gas
Not corrode processing equipment as well as products produced
Has a high calorific value when natural gas is used as fuel
The resulting product should not be precipitates (such as heavy
hydrocarbons) on the storage
system
Must have sufficient vapor pressure so as not to jeopardize safety in the
transport, distribution and storage.
On combustion, natural gas must be clean and does not pollute
.

TABLE PARAMETER TEST NATURAL GAS

LPG

13

TESTING COMPOSITION
(ASTM D 1945/GPA 2261)
The equipment used is a Gas Chromatography (GC)
The components of the natural gas that is separated by boiling point with
GC equipment- are:
He
C H
CO
2

- O2

H 2S

nC5H12

- N2

C3H8

C6H14

- CH4

iC4H10

C7H16 (C6+)

- CO2

nC4H10

The concentration of each component is reported in mole%,% vol, or% wt

CONCENTRATION COMPONENT NATURAL GAS

Generally range (range) concentration of each component contained in
natural gas (according to ASTM D 1945 / GPA 2261) is as follows:
Komponen
- He

Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)

Komponen

Range Konsentrasi
(%mol)

0,01 10

- C 3H 8

- O2

0,01 20

- iC4H10

0,01 10

- N2

0,01 100

- nC4H10

0,01 10

- CH4

0,01 100

- nC5H12

0,01 2

- CO2

0,01 20

- C6H14

0,01 2

- C 2H 6

0,01 100

- C7H16 (C6+)

0,01 2

- H 2S

0,01 5

0,01 100

SIGNIFICANCE TESTING COMPOSITION

To determine the hydrocarbon components contained in natural gas. With the
known composition, can be used to calculate the physical properties of natural
gas, such as calorific value, vapor pressure, specific gravity. The amount of
content of hydrocarbon components in natural gas natural gas will determine the
quality of both its quality and quantity. The higher the concentration of the
hydrocarbon component of natural gas indicate higher quality.
To determine the non-hydrocarbon components contained in natural gas. With
the known size of the content of each non-hydrocarbon component of natural gas
so that it can also better the quality of natural gas quality and quantity. The
higher the concentration of non-hydrocarbon components show the quality of
natural gas is lower. In addition, the content of non-hydrocarbon component of
natural gas is used to determine the type and dosage of chemicals in the
purification process, so that the products (LNG, LPG or CNG) meet specifications.

TESTING OF CARBON DIOXIDE

(ASTM D 1945
Equipment used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide is Gas Chromatography (GC)
CO2 testing can be done together with the hydrocarbon component testing
CO2 peak area on the chromatogram peak area sample compared to the CO2 in the
gas chromatogram standard
CO2 is very corrosive to the equipment, in addition to CO2 may freeze on the process
of natural gas liquefaction
Freezing of CO2 gas can cause blockage of the tubes in heat exchangers
When the high CO2 content will lower calorific value of natural gas, this means low
quality natural gas
To determine the type and dosage of chemicals (usually using amine compounds) as
well as the number of treating units in the process of eliminating / decreasing the
concentration of CO2

TESTING HYDROGEN SULFIDE

Performed by the method ASTM D 2385
H2S gas in natural gas is absorbed by using a solution of neutral CdSO4
CdS precipitate formed is filtered and then dissolved in a solution of HCl
The resulting solution was determined by titration yodometri after J2 added
thereto excess
Reports test results stated in wt% H2S, mg / L H2S, or grain H2S / 100 ft3

TESTING TOTAL SULFUR

The method used ASTM D 2784, using Wickbold-Combustion Apparatus,
where sulfur is oxidized in a stream of a mixture of 70% CO2 and 30% O2
gas
SO2 gas formed is passed into a solution of H2O2 produces H2SO4
absorber. then determined by titration or by turbidimetry.
Testing of total sulfur is testing the cleanliness of natural gas properties
It said total sulfur because it is the sum of a variety of sulfur compounds in
natural gas, which is composed of a mercaptan (RSH), hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS)
In its analysis, the total amount of sulfur in the natural gas expressed in wt
%, mg / L, or grain / 100 ft3

PENGUJIAN NILAI KALORI

Menetahui magnitude for a calorific value of natural gas, do calculations
using mol%.
The components of the test results according to the method GPA of natural
gas in 2261, with equipment Gas Chromatography (GC)
Calorific value is one of the most important characteristic of natural gas.
Effect of hydrocarbon When
component
of the
caloric
value:gas is
the calorific
value
of natural
expressed in units of heat / unit volume,
then:
The higher the boiling point
hydrocarbon components, the caloric value
will rise. But conversely, the lower the
boiling point, then the lower the caloric
value.

TESTING WATER
There are two water contained in natural gas, which is water-soluble natural gas
and water are not dissolved in natural gas.
Water-insoluble in the separate existence of natural gas from natural gas, in the
form of free water.
Testing of water in the gas carried by flowing gas into a hygroscopic substance as
an absorbent (desiccant).
The difference in weight between before and after the experiment is the weight of
water in natural gas.
Testing the water content is not written in detail as a standard method of analysis.
The report results are expressed in units of wt%, ppm or mg / L.

THE EXISTENCE OF MERCURY IN NATURAL GAS

The existence of mercury in natural gas is a gas that is soluble in natural
gas. In the table shown behwa mercury compounds as hydrocarbon
compounds (metalorganic) in natural gas has a high boiling point, then the
mercury is contained in the condensate.
The existence of mercury in the condensate was 5% as mercury, 21% as
inorganic compounds and 74% as a metalorganic compound. It really
depends on the origin of natural gas condensate.
Table Compound
Mercury
Senyawaan
merkuriin Natural Gas (Gas
Titik didih,
Hg
Hg(CH3)2

357
96

Hg(iCH3H7)2

170

Hg(nCH3H7)2

190

Hg(C4H9)2

206

TESTING OF MERCURY
1. Testing of mercury (Hg) in natural gas use equipment AAS analysis
technique called:
1. Mechanical formation of mercury vapor (mercury vapor generation)
2. Mechanical vapor formation of hybrids
3. Uptake with gold (with a mercury analyzer tool, eg NIC)

LPG (LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS)

LPG is the fuel in the form of liquefied gas (Liquid Petroleum Gases)
Can be generated as a byproduct of petroleum processing and also from
natural gas processing
LPG as fuel, used both for domestic use and for industrial use
There are three types of LPG are:
1. LPG Propane
2. LPG Butane
3. LPG Mixed

COMPOSITION LPG
H Y D R O C A R B O N C OM P O N EN T

Hydrocarbon components in the form of compounds of nparaffins, isoparaffins and olefins. Calorific value of
compound paraffin and iso-paraffin is high, while the
presence of the olefin will lower calorific value.

In its analysis by gas chromatography (GC), the

hydrocarbon component consists of:

N O N HY D R O C A R BO N
C O MP O N E NT
Components nonhidrokarbon form
compounds of H2S, RSH (composed of
ethyl mercaptan), RSR (Sulfide,
consisting of dimethyl sulphide), RSSR
(disulfide, consisting of dimethyl
disulfide), COS, CS2, S02, C02, N2, H2,
He and Hg.
It is seen that the higher the
concentration of the compound
nonhidrokarbon will lower caloric value.

C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, n-C4H10, i-C4H10, n-C4H8, i-C4H8, transC4H8, cis-C4H8, 1.3-C4H8, n-C5H12 dan i-C5H12

The higher the concentration of

compounds nonhidrokarbon, will reduce
the quality and quantity of LPG
.

SIFAT-SIFAT LPG
LPG has a higher calorific value compared to other household fuels.
LPG should not corrode either on stockpiling, transportation and equipment
used.
LPG should not happen sediment on the storage system.
LPG should have a vapor pressure enough to not jeopardize safety in the
transport, distribution and storage.
The result of the combustion of LPG should be clean and does not pollute
the air, for it was examined kebesrsihannya properties.

PAR AM ETE R U JI L P G
LNG
1
2
3
4
5
7

HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION ASTMD 2163

LPG hydrocarbon composition in the form of the components of the

hydrocarbon molecules, such as n-paraffins (n-C3, C4-n and n-C5), isoparaffins and olefins
LPG olefins in the form of a double bond of the C3 = (as propylene), C4 =
(as butylene 1, 2 butylene, butadiene 1.3, butylene cis and trans butylene).
Besides this, there are n-pentane (n-C5) and iso-pentane (i-C5).

TESTING OF COMPOSITION
Composition testing was conducted by ASTMD 2163 by means of gas chromatography
(GC).
The composition of LPG is expressed as the hydrocarbon component, reported in units%
vol.
Required that for LPG propane C3 total content of at least 95% vol, LPG mix total content
of C3 + C4 minimum 97.5% vol, LPG butane minimum total C4 content of 97.5% vol
To determine the hydrocarbon compounds contained in LPG, because by knowing the
composition can be used to calculate the physical properties of LPG, such as calorific
value, vapor pressure, specific gravity.
By knowing the caloric value of LPG, it can be used in the calculation of purchase for
each unit weight and unit volume.
Calorific value of LPG is the highest when compared to the calorific value of electricity,
firewood, charcoal, kerosine or gas city.

60/60 O F OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY TESTING ASTMD

1657
Spescific testing at a temperature of 60/60 oF Gravity (SG 60/60 F), using methods
A5TMD 1657, with tools Pressure Hydrometer Cylinder, or by calculation of the
composition of LPG ASTMD 2163 with gas chromatography.
Specific gravity (SG) LPG declared as SG 60/60 F.
Reported to three decimal places.
Required that SG 60/60 F to LPG propane from 0.508 to 0.525, LPG mixture of from
0.507 to 0.627, butane LPG from 0.563 to 0.627 (calculated from the hydrocarbon
composition of each - each LPG)
For the calculation of the weight of LPG to be accommodated in the landfill based on the
volume that has been known to be used as the calculation in terms of marketing or trade.
Data SG 60/60 F, can be used for the calculation of material balance in the process of
processing.

INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS 6 0 / 6 0 O F OF SPECIFIC

GRAVITY
L P G P R O PA NA

When the test results obtained SG 60/60 F to LPG

propane under .508, showed that LPG contains light
components namely ethane. This will result in LPG vapor
pressure rising, thus endangering for storage, and
distribution.

Was when the test results obtained SG 60/60 oF above

0.525, showed that LPG containing propane is heavier
components, ie butane. This will result in a low vapor
pressure so that LPG does not quickly evaporate and
leave the sediment.

L P G BU TA NA

When the test results obtained SG 60/60 F for LPG

butane below 0.563 indicates that LPG containing
propane butane. This will result in an ascending LPG
vapor pressure, which can cause an explosion.

Was when the test results obtained SG 60/60 F above

0.627, indicating that the LPG butane contains heavier
components that pentane. This will result in a low vapor
pressure so that LPG does not quickly evaporate and
leave the sediment.

TESTING VAPOR PRESSURE

Vapor pressure testing is done by using ASTMD 1267, by means of Reid Vapor
Pressure Apparatus, or by calculation of the composition of LPG.
According to the method of ASTMD 2168, by means of gas chromatography
(GC). Commonly used method is the way the calculation of data on the
composition of LPG.
LPG vapor pressure is expressed as the vapor pressure at a temperature of
100 F. Reported in units of psig.
Required that pressure steam at 100 F for a maximum of 210 psig propane
LPG, LPG mix a maximum of 120 psig, LPG butane maximum of 70 psig.
To ensure safety in the storage, transportation and distribution, particularly
for areas that are affected by climate change. When LPG under heat, will be
volatile so as to cause an explosion due to the pressure suddenly enlarged

INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS VAPOR

PRESSURE
L P G P R O PA N A

When the test results obtained for LPG propane vapor

pressure above 210 psig indicates that LPG contains light
components namely ethane. This will result in upward
pressure LPG vapor volatile, thus endangering for
storage, and distribution

L P G BU TA NA

When the test results obtained for LPG butane vapor

pressure above 90 psig, showed that LPG butane
contains more propane. This will result in LPG vapor
pressure rising, thus endangering the current volatile
storage, and distribution.

INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS VAPOR

PRESSURE
L P G MI X E D

When the test results obtained for LPG vapor pressure of

the mixture above 120 psig, showed that LPG propanebutane mixture ratio of more content of propane. This
will result in LPG vapor pressure rising, thus endangering
the current volatile storage, and distribution

TESTING COPPER STRIP CORROSION

Copper strip corrosion testing is done by using ASTMD 1838, by means of
pressure-resistant cylindrical tube equipped with a water bath,
thermometer, and a piece of copper, at a temperature of 100 F for 1 hour.
Copper strip corrosion is corrosion properties of LPG, which is caused by the
presence of corrosive sulfur compounds in which sulfur mercaptans (RSH)
and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
This trait is one of the important types of testing, where the properties of
corrosion on LPG products due to undesired chemical compounds existence.
Reported as ASTM standard color. Required that the copper strip corrosion,
for LPG propane, LPG and LPG butane mixture maximum ASTM No. 1.

INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS CORROSION

COPPERSTRIP
When the copper strip corrosion test results are above the ASTM No. l, this
indicates that the LPG contains chemical compounds cause corrosion, which
mercaptan (RSH) and hydrogen sulfide or H2S.
Generally, compounds in the molecular arrangement of electron pairs are
undivided have more reactive properties. The elements that have undivided
pair of electrons is S, O, N and halogen. When this happens, do decrease /
reduction by washing with a solution of caustic

TESTING TOTAL SULFUR

Total sulfur testing was conducted using ASTM method D 2784 Wickbold - type
combustion apparatus.
It said total sulfur (sulfur amount) because it is the sum of the various compounds of
sulfur in LPG, which is composed of ethyl mercaptan (RSH), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and
carbonyl sulfide (COS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), dimethyl sulfide ((CH3) 2S and dimethyl
disulfide (CH3) 2s2.
Impurities (dirt) contained in LPG product will greatly affect the quality of the LPG fuel
value. Testing of total sulfur is hygiene properties testing LPG, which is caused by the
presence of various sulfur compounds are sulfur mercaptans (RSH), hydrogen sulfide
(H2S) and carbonyl sulfide (COS).
This trait is one type of test is very important, as the nature of cleanliness on LPG
products depends on the size of the content of undesired chemical compounds
existence. Reported in units of grains / 100 cuft, mass%, ppm or mg / 100cuft. Required
that total sulfur, LPG propane, LPG and LPG butane mixture maximum of 15 grains / 100
cuft

TESTING WATER
There are two water contained in the LPG, the LPG water-soluble and waterinsoluble in LPG.
Water-insoluble in this LPG separate existence of LPG, in the form of free
water. Free water testing on LPG products is done by observation by eye
(visual way), is not written in detail on the specifics.
This test is considered as water content and are reported as "no free water"
(there are no free water).
To indicate the likelihood of crystalline water on LPG, especially at low
temperatures.

INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS WATER FREE

If the test turns out to contain free water, resulting in the formation of water
crystals in the form of hydrocarbon hydrates, such as propane hydrate
(C3H8.xH20), propylene hydrate (C3H6.xH2O), butane hydrate
(C4H10.xH20), butylene hydrate (C4H8.xH20), and pentane hydrate
(C5H12.xH20).
Hydrate formation will lead to a deadlock in the distribution system.
The presence of free water in the LPG may cause a deadlock on a misting
system that is at the end of the tubing and nozzle due to frozen water
(crystallize) when discharged.
The presence of free water will lead to the occurrence of sparks in the flame
so it will reduce LPG combustion properties.

LNG/GAS REFINERY
LNG is one of the products derived from natural gas liquefied at a
temperature of - 160 C and a pressure of 1.25 kg / cm 2 absolute.
Natural gas as feed an LNG plant has gone through several purification
processes in order to reduce / lower the unwanted components (impurity),
so that the LNG product produced meets the specifications.
Mercury should be as low as possible, to protect the corrosion of the
material of aluminum in addition to the hazardous nature B3.
And also contains components such as H2S CO2, H2O and heavy
hydrocarbons should be reduced to a certain extent, because it is very
corrosive.

KOMPONEN LNG
H i d r o k a r b o n C o m p o n en t

N o n- hi d r o k a r b o n C o m po n en t

Hydrocarbon components in the form of a compound - a

compound of the n-paraffins and isoparaffins. Medium
compound of naften, aromatics and olefins are not
included in LNG, because of its own natural gas as the
feed contained no naften, Aromat and olefins.

Components non hydrocarbons in the form of

compounds of H2S (hidroeen sulfide), RSH (mercaptans),
COS (carbonyl sulphide), CS2 (carbon disulfide), CO2
(carbon dioxide), N2 (nitrogen gas), He (helium), and Hg
(mercury)

In LNG. CH4 content is a major component, considering

the usefulness of LNG as a fuel, solvent or as an aerosol.
In its analysis, the hydrocarbon component consists of:
CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, iso-C4H10, n-C5H12,
iso-C5H10 dan C6H14+

Data show that, compounds COS and CS2 are not

included in natural gas as feed LNG (paper presented at
the GPT Conference in Singapore by Mr. Sutopo of PT
Badak Natural Gas Liquefaction Co.).

In its analysis, the non-hydrocarbon component consists

of: H2S, RSH, CO2, N2, He, and Hg

PROPERTIES LNG PRODUCT

Having a high-purity hydrocarbons, to ensure the quality and quantity of LNG.
Has a high content of CH4 to ensure the calorific value of LNG
Does not corrode equipment storage, transportation and distribution / distribution.
Has a high calorific value when LNG is used as fuel
LNG product should not settle on the storage system (such as heavy hydrocarbons)
Must have sufficient vapor pressure so as not to endanger the safety in the storage,
transportation and distribution / distribution.
Do not form hydrates at low temperature, either at the time of the transportation
and distribution penyimpanan_ / distribution.
On combustion, LNG must be clean and does not pollute the air.

PARAMETER TEST PRODUCT LNG