By: Dr.

Anna Liza Casil-Cruz

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arthropods as Vectors
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
(exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Class: Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas,
mosquitoes
Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
Mites and ticks
May transmit diseases
(vectors)
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Figure 12.31, 32

Arthropods as Vectors

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Figure 12.33

Class

Order

Vector

Disease

Arachnida

Mites and ticks

Dermacentor
(tick)

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ixodes (tick)

Lyme Disease, babesiosis,

ehrlichiosis

Ornithodorus
(tick)

Relapsing fever

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Class
Insecta

Order
Sucking lice
Fleas
True flies

True bugs

Vector

Disease

Pediculus
(human louse)
Xenopsylla (rat
flea)
Chrysops (deer
fly)
Aedes
(mosquito)
Anopheles(mosq
uito)
Culex
(mosquito)
Glossina (tsetse
fly)

Epidemic typhus

Triatoma
(kissing bug)

Chagas disease

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Emdemimurine typhus
Tularemia
Dengue fever, yellow fever
Malaria
Arboviral encephalitis
African trypanosomiasis

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever
(RMSF) is a tick-borne disease
caused by the
organism Rickettsia rickettsii.
Vector is Dermacentor
endemic in parts of North,
Central, and South America,
especially in the southeastern
and south-central United States
the hallmark of RMSF is a
petechial rash beginning on the
palms of the hands and soles of
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the feet

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

In adults with Rocky
Mountain spotted fever
(RMSF), the drug of
choice is doxycycline
Chloramphenicol is an
alternative, In vitro and in
ovo R rickettsii are also
susceptible to rifampin.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lyme Disease

due to systemic infection with the spirochete Borrelia

burgdorferi and the body's immune response to the infection.

The bacteria are inoculated into the skin by a tick bite, from ticks of
the genus Ixodes.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lyme Disease
Multiple lesions of erythema
migrans occur in approximately
20% of patients. A carpenter from
Nantucket who worked
predominantly outside had been
treated with Lotrisone for 1 week
before presenting to the
emergency department with the
rashes seen in this photo. The
patient had no fever and only mild
systemic symptoms. He was
treated with a 3-week course of
oral antibiotics

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pediculosis

Pediculus humanus is a species of lice that infects humans. It

comprises two subspecies:
Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus, 1758 the body louse
Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, 1767 the head louse
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Pediculosis

Theheadlouse(Pediculus humanus capitis)is

anobligateectoparasiteofhumans.

Headlicearewinglessinsectsspendingtheirentirelifeon
humanscalpandfeedingexclusivelyonhumanblood.

The only agents approved by the FDA for treatment of

pediculosis are lindane and malathion.
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Dengue Fever
also known as breakbone
fever, is an infectious tropical
disease caused by the dengue
virus. Symptoms
include fever, headache, muscl
e and joint pains, and a
characteristic skin rash that
is similar to measles.
Dengue is transmitted by
several species
of mosquito within the genus
Aedes, principally A. aegypti.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Prevention

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Plasmodium and Malaria

Malaria is one of the most important diseases of
mankind.
1.5 billion people (2/3 of the world's population)
live in endemic areas and are potential hosts.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification:

Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Sporozoea
Coccidia

Subclass
4 species infecting
humans:
Plasmodium
falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium

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Vector: Female mosquitoes (Anopheles) feed on

blood
Mode of Transmission: Per-cutaneous
Infective stage in humans: sporozoites

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Major stages in the life cycle

Vertebrate or Human or Asexual Phase
(Schizogony)
- Exo-erythrocytic cycle
- Erythrocytic cycle
Invertebrate or Mosquito or Sexual Phase
(Sporogony)

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Some Stages of Malaria in Anopheles

Feeding female
Anopheles

Exflagellation showing
microgametes
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2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oocysts on outside of mosquito

stomach

Sporozoites from salivary

gland

Some Stages of Malaria in the human

Schizont
multinucleate form in
rbc

Trophozoite
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Gametocyte

Clinical Manifestations:

Malarial Paroxysm

Cold stage feeling of coldness and

apprehension w/ shivering

Hot stage the patient becomes hot and

flushed, w/ associated headache,
palpitations, tachypnea, nausea and thirst

Sweating stage defervecence or

diaphoresis sets in

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

P. falciparum

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. malariae

Clinical
Presentation

Malignant
tertian

Benign tertian

Benign tertian

Quartan

Length of
asexual cycle

48 hrs or less

48 hrs

48 hrs

72 hrs

Infected RBC
size and
presence of
cytoplasmic
granules

Normal

Enlarged

Enlarged

Normal

Maurers dots

Schuffners dots Jamess dots

Trophozoites

Small rings w/ 1 Small and large

or 2 red
rings w/
chromatin dots amoeboid
activity

Small, more
solid rings

Small, more
solid rings with
narrow band
across the cell

# of merozoites

8-24, smaller
than other spp

4-12, forms a
rosette-like
structure

6-12, forms a
rosette-like
structure

Gametocyte

Banana-shaped Round, large

Round, small

Round,
compact

12-24 in 1-2
clumps, almost
fills the cell

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Zeimmans dots

Other signs and symptoms of

uncomplicated malaria:
Headache, body pain, anorexia, nausea,
vomitting, abdominal pain, pallor, enlarged
and tender spleen

Severe malaria:
Anemia, anoxia, pulmonary edema, anuria,
black water fever, cerebral malaria

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Diagnosis:

Thick and thin blood smear

- several samples are taken
6-8 hrs apart to get as much
morphological stages as
possible

Serological test for

Plasmodium antigen

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Treatment:

Chloroquine-Sulfadoxinepyrimethamine

Primaquine prophylactic drug;

active against hypnozoites and
prevents relapses

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Prevention:

Early diagnosis and

treatment of cases

Vector control

Personal protection
against mosquitoes

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Trypanosoma cruzi

Causes American
Trypanosomiasis or
Chagas disease.

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Trypanosoma cruzi
.
VECTOR family Reduviidae
- genera Triatoma
- common names: assassin
bug, kissing bug,

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pathology of Trypanosoma cruzi

1. Inoculation of trypomastigotes into human:
(a) Chagoma
- inflammation of lymph nodes
in region of bite
(b) Unilateral orbital edema (Romana Sign)
- swelling (edema) of eye if bug feces are rubbed
into eye
2. Acute phase - occurs in children (age 5 or less)
- amastigotes quickly invade many body cells
including that of the heart (myocarditis) and brain
(meningoencephalitis)
3. Chronic Phase
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- invades the nervous, digestive systems and heart

Pathology of Trypanosoma cruzi

MEGAESOPHA
GUS

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MEGACOL
ON

Treatme
nt:
No acceptable treatment
Nifurtimox and benznidazole partially
effective in acute cases

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 ThankYou!

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings