Shell Momentum

Balances

Outline
1.Flow Through a Vertical Tube
2.Flow Through an Annulus
3.Exercises

Flow Through a Vertical

Tube
The
tube
oriented
vertically.

is

What will be the

velocity profile of
a fluid whose
direction of flow
is in the +zdirection

Flow Through a Vertical

Tube
Same system,
but this time
gravity
will
also
cause
momentum
flux.

Flow Through a Vertical

Tube
rate of momentum

in
by
molecular

transport

rate of momentum

force of gravity
out by molecular
0
acting
on
system

transport

pressure : PA z 0 PA z L
net momentum flux : rz A1 r rz A2 r r
gravity : + gV (why positive?)

Adding all terms together:

P 2 rr

z 0

P 2 rr

z L

rz 2 rL r rz 2 rL

r r

g(2 rrL) 0

Flow Through a Vertical

Tube
P 2 rr

z 0

P 2 rr

z L

rz 2 rL r rz 2 rL

Dividing by 2 Lr :

rzr r rzr r r
P z 0 P z L
gr 0

r
L
r

Let r 0 :
P0 PL r d r gr 0
rz

L
dr

r r

g(2 rrL) 0

Flow Through a Vertical

Tube
d
P0 PL

r rzr gr 0
L
dr

Rewriting:
d
P0 PL

P0 PL g(0) gL

g r

rzr
r
dr
L
L
L

d
P0 g(0) PL gL

rzr
r
dr
L
L

We let: z Pz gz

d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L

Flow Through a Vertical

Tube
d
P0 PL
rzr
r
dr
L

d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L

Flow
through a
circular
tube
Flow
through a
vertical
tube

Flow Through a Vertical

Tube
0 L
2
2
vz
R r
4 L
0 L
2
vave
D
32L

HagenPoiseuille
Equation

Outline
1.Flow Through a Vertical Tube
2.Flow Through an Annulus
3.Exercises

Flow Through an
Annulus
Liquid is flowing
upward through an
annulus (space
between two
concentric cylinders)

Important quantities:
R : radius of outer
cylinder
R : radius of inner

Flow Through an
Annulus
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state flow
2. Incompressible fluid
3. Only Vz component is
significant
4. At the solid-liquid
interface, no-slip
condition
5. Significant gravity
effects
6. Vmax is attained at a
distance R from
the center of the

Flow Through an
Annulus
rate of momentum

in
by
molecular

transport

rate of momentum

force of gravity
out by molecular
0
acting
on
system

transport

pressure : PA z 0 PA z L
net momentum flux : rz A1 r rz A2 r r
gravity : gV (why negative?)

Adding all terms together:

P 2 rr

z 0

P 2 rr

z L

rz 2 rL r rz 2 rL

r r

g(2 rrL) 0

Flow Through an
Annulus
d
P0 PL

r rzr gr 0
L
dr

Rewriting:
d
P0 PL

P0 PL g(0) gL

g r

rzr
r
dr
L
L
L

d
P0 g(0) PL gL

rzr
r
dr
L
L

We let: z Pz gz

d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L

Flow Through an
Annulus
d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L

Solving:
d
0 L
rzr
r
dr
L

L 2
rzr 0
r C1
2L

C1
0 L
rz
r
2L
r

BOUNDARY CONDITION!
At a distance R from the
center of the inner cylinder,
Vmax is attained in the annulus,
or zero momentum flux.

C1
0 L
0
R
2L
R

2
0 L

R

2
L

C1

Flow Through an
Annulus

rz

0 L 0
L R
r

2L
2L
r

Rewriting:

rz

0 L R

2L

r
2
R

From the definition of flux:

dv
rz z
dr

0 L R

dvz

dr
2 L

r
2

Flow Through an
Annulus
0 L R

dvz

dr
2 L

r
2

Solving:
2

1 r
0
L
2
vz
Rln r C2
2L
R 2

Flow Through an
Annulus
vz

0 L R

2L

1 r2
2
Rln r C2
R 2

Rewriting:

0 L R2 r

R
2
vz
2 ln r C2
4 L

R
R

0 L R

vz

4 L

0 L R2

vz

4 L

2

Take out R/2

Multiply r in log
term by R/R (or
1)

r
ln ln(R ) C2 Expand log
R

term
2

r
r
2
Lump all

ln

constants into
R
R

C
2

r
2
2
R

Flow Through an
Annulus
2

0 L R r

r
2
vz
2 ln C2
4 L
R
R

We have two unknown constants: C2 and

We can use two boundary conditions:
No-slip
Conditions
At r = R, vz =
0

Flow Through an
Annulus
2
r

r
0
L
2
vz
2 ln C2
4 L
R
R

Using B.C. #1:

0 L R2 2

2 2 ln C2
0
4 L

0 2 2 2 ln C2
Using B.C. #2:

0 L R

0 1 C2

4 L

1 C2

C2 1
2

1
2
2
ln

Flow Through an
Annulus
2
r

r
0
L
2
vz
2 ln C2
4 L
R
R

0 L R

vz

4 L

C2 1
2

1
2
2
ln

2 1 r

ln 1
R

ln R
2

Shell Balances
1. Identify all the forces that influence the
flow (pressure, gravity, momentum flux)
and their directions. Set the positive
directions of your axes.
2. Create a shell with a differential thickness
across the direction of the flux that will
represent the flow system.
3. Identify the areas (cross-sectional and
surface areas) and volumes for which the
flow occurs.
4. Formulate the shell balance equation and

Shell Balances
5. Identify all boundary conditions (solidliquid, liquid-liquid, liquid-free surface,
momentum flux values at boundaries,
symmetry for zero flux).
6. Integrate the DE for your momentum flux
and determine the values of the constants
using the BCs.
7. Insert Newtons law (momentum flux
definition) to get the differential equation
for velocity.
8. Integrate the DE for velocity and

Shell Balances
Important Assumptions*
1. The flow is always assumed to be at
steady-state.
2. Neglect entrance and exit effects.
The flow is always assumed to be
fully-developed.
3. The fluid is always assumed to be
incompressible.
4. Consider the flow to be
unidirectional.

Design Equations for

Laminar and Turbulent
Flow in Pipes

Outline
1.Velocity Profiles in Pipes
2.Pressure Drop and Friction Loss
(Laminar Flow)
3.Friction Loss (Turbulent Flow)
4.Frictional Losses in Piping
Systems

Velocity Profiles in
Pipes
Recall velocity profile in a circular
tube:

P0 PL
2
2
vz
R r
4 L

1. What is the shape of this profile?

2. The maximum occurs at which
region?
3. What is the average velocity of the

Velocity Profiles in
Pipes

Velocity Profiles in
Pipes
Velocity Profile in a Pipe:

P0 PL
2
2
vz
R r
4 L
Average Velocity of a Fluid in a
Pipe:

P0 PL
2
vave
D
32L

Maximum vs. Average

Velocity

Outline
1.Velocity Profiles in Pipes
2.Pressure Drop and Friction
Loss (Laminar Flow)
3.Friction Loss (Turbulent Flow)
4.Frictional Losses in Piping
Systems

Recall: HagenPoiseuille Equation

P0 PL
2
vave
D
32L

Describes the pressure drop

and flow of fluid (in the laminar
regime) across a conduit with
length L and diameter D

Hagen-Poiseuille
Equation
32Lvave
P0 PL
2
D

Pressure drop / Pressure loss (P0

PL):
Pressure lost due to skin
friction

Friction Loss
32Lvave
P0 PL
2
D
In terms of
energy lost per
unit mass:

PO PL 32Lvave
Ff

Mechanical energy lost due to

friction in pipe (because of
what?)

Friction Factor
Definition: Drag force per
wetted surface unit area (or shear
stress at the surface) divided by
the product of density times
velocity head

P0 PL AC AS
S
f

2
2
v 2
v 2

Friction Factor
2

Ff
L v
4fF
gc
D 2gc
Frictional force/loss head is
proportional to the velocity
head of the flow and to the
ratio of the length to the
diameter of the flow stream

Friction Factor for

Laminar Flow
Consider the Hagen-Poiseuille
equation (describes laminar flow)
and the definition of the friction
2
factor:
F
P

P
L
v
P0 PL
2
f
O
L
vave

D
32 L

Prove:

16
fF
NRe

gc

4fF

D 2gc

Valid only for

laminar flow

Outline
1.Velocity Profiles in Pipes
2.Pressure Drop and Friction Loss
(Laminar Flow)
3.Friction Loss (Turbulent
Flow)
4.Frictional Losses in Piping
Systems

Friction Factor for

Turbulent Flow
2

Ff
L v
4fF
gc
D 2gc
1. Friction factor is dependent on
NRe and the relative roughness
of the pipe.
2. The value of fF is determined
empirically.

Friction Factor for

Turbulent Flow
How to compute/find the value of the friction
factor for turbulent flow:
1. Use Moody diagrams.
- Friction factor vs. Reynolds number with a
series of parametric curves related to the
relative roughness

2. Use correlations that involve the friction

factor f.
- Blasius equation, Colebrook formula,
Churchill equation (Perry 8th Edition)

Moody Diagrams
Important notes:
1. Both fF and NRe are plotted in logarithmic
scales. Some Moody diagrams show fD
(Darcy friction factor). Make the
necessary conversions.
2. No curves are shown for the transition
region.
3. Lowest possible friction factor for a
given NRe in turbulent flow is shown by the
smooth pipe line.

Friction Factor
Correlations
1. Blasius equation for turbulent flow in
smooth tubes:

0.079
fF
0.25
NRe

4000 NRe 10

2. Colebrook formula

1
2.51

2log10

3.7D NRe fD
fD

Friction Factor
Correlations
3. Churchill equation (Colebrook formula
explicit in fD)
0.9

1
0.27 7

2log10

N
D
fD
Re

4. Swamee-Jain correlation

fD

0.25

5.74
2log10

0.9
3.7D NRe

Equivalent Roughness,

Materials of
Construction
Copper, brass, lead
(tubing)
Commercial or welded
steel
Wrought iron
Ductile iron coated
Ductile iron uncoated
Concrete

Equivalent
Roughness (m)
1.5 E-06
4.6 E-05
4.6
1.2
2.4
1.2

E-05
E-04
E-04
E-04

Frictional Losses for

Non-Circular Conduits
Instead of deriving new correlations for f, an
approximation is developed for an equivalent
diameter, Deq, which may be used to calculate NRe and
f.

S
Deq 4RH 4
Pw

where RH = hydraulic radius

S = cross-sectional area
Pw = wetted perimeter: sum of the length of the
boundaries of the cross-section actually in contact
with the fluid

Equivalent Diameter
(Deq)
S
Deq 4RH 4
Pw
Determine the equivalent diameter of
the following conduit types:
1.Annular space with outside
diameter Do and inside diameter Di
2.Rectangular duct with sides a and b
3.Open channels with liquid depth y
and liquid width b