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Fire Detection and Alarm System
Fire Detection and Alarm System
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Codes & Standards
Automatic fire alarm system shall be
design based on B.S 5839 part 1 ~ part5:
1988, UBBL 1984 TENTH SCHEDULE.
Others standard LBS 1014 Loss
Prevention Certification Board
Detection of fire.
Initiate an alarm of fire.
Provides sufficient time for occupants to
escape
ZONE CONFIGURATION
GUIDELINES
The search distance , that is the distance that has to be traveled by a searcher within a fire zone in
order to determine visually the position of fire (not reach the fire ) should not exceed 30m
If the total floor area of a building is 300m or less then the building need only be one zone
regardless the number of floors.
If the total floor area of a building is greater then 300m then each floor shall be a separate zone
(or set of zones, if the floor area is large enough) There are however two exception for this rules
that is:
1. If Communication between two adjacent vertical compartments is at the lowest level, only then
can each vertical compartment still be considered to be separate multi storied zones
2.Structures such as stairwell extending to more than one floor but remaining within the same
vertical compartment still be considered separate multi stories zone.
For multi occupancy building, zone boundaries should not cross occupancy boundaries hence a
zone should contain only one occupancy. This ruling may be relaxed for Type M system.
Zone Safeguards
Types Of Detectors
1.
Response quickly to small smoke particles however its respond slower to dense smoke.
Mechanism :
The detector contains small radioactive source which ionizes the air within the sampling
chamber. Thus small current established and set up the potential difference between
the collector electrode and the outer cover.. The magnitude of potential increment is
used to indicate the smoke density. Exceeding the preset level will trigger the alarm.
2.
Response quickly to large smoke particles but they have the tendency to ignore the small
particles.
Mechanism:
The unit comprise of an optical system that contains an emitter and a sensor that have
lens. The emitter produce a beam of light that was prevented from reaching the sensor
by a baffle. However when smoke entering the chamber the light tend to be scattered
and apportion of light rays will eventually hit the sensor. The rate of light heating the
sensor is proportional to the smoke density. At per determined threshold the output of the sensor
signals an alarm to the Main Controller Panel.
Types Of Detectors
3. High Performance Smoke Detector
It responses to the some in the same way as the Photo Electric detector, but
there is a rapid rate of rise in temperature will be also taken into considerations
which in turn increase their sensitivity accordingly. Therefore this unit can also
pick up a very small smoke particles as per ionization Chamber type detector.
Types Of Detectors
Heat Detector.
Less sensitive alternative, to be use at the location where the smoke detector cannot be use.
To be use for monitoring product that will emit little smoke when burns.
Types of Heat Detector.
1. Rate Of Rise Detectors
React to abnormal high rise of change of temperature and provide fastest response over wide range
Of ambient temperature.
Suitable to be use where large change of ambient temperature will signals the alarm condition to
control panel.
2. Fixed Temperature Static Heat Detector .
Similar to rate of rise detector but it react to a fix predetermined temperature rather than rate of
Rise temperature. Suitable for the use in an area where sudden large change in temperature is
considered normal such as kitchen and boiler room.
3.
Not Commonly use , it comes in a log wire or tube and are design to sense the condition vicinity to the
line. Suitable for cable tunnel, subways duct, aircraft hangers.
Types Of Detectors
4.
Flame Detector
Detect electromagnetic radiation from a
flame (short wavelength 5 ~ 30 Hz )
The detector cannot respond to fire
outbreak until there is a flame. It is
practical to use smoke detector in
conjunction of flame detector.
Often used at the large open areas. A
direct line of sight is required for effective
detection.
It response quickly to a clean burning fuels
such as methane, alcohol that cannot be
detected by smoke detector.
Types Of Detectors
1.
Types Of Detectors
6.
Aspirating Detector
The detection system includes a small pump that draws air sample from the room air through sets
of tubes into a detector element. The tube can be split into several smaller tubes (each drawing
air from different location)
Due to dilution of smoke the detector element is 100 times more sensitive than the conventional
point type. The sucked air is filtered to avoid false analysis from room dust.
Types Of Detectors
7.
Detector Coverage
1.Spacing Under Flat Ceiling
Heat Detector :
Detector Coverage
2.
Detector Coverage
Spacing In corridors
In the corridors the constrains of walls
cause the hot gas given of by fire to
travel faster . Therefore the coverage
area is allowed to be bigger.
Detector Coverage
Obstruction
If the passage of smoke or hot gas is likely to be obstruct by ceiling obstruction such as
beam which has depth greater than 150 mm but less than 10 % of the height of the
ceiling then the normal coverage distance allowed for the smoke and heat detector
should be decrease by twice the depth of the obstruction
Smoke Detector Coverage Area : 7.5 m ( 2 x obstruction depth)
Heat detector Coverage Area : 5.3 m (2 x obstruction depth)
Wall and ceiling reaching within 300 mm off the ceiling or obstruction such as beam that
is deeper than 10% of the ceiling to floor height shall be treated as separate rooms.
Detector Coverage
Ceiling Height.
Detector should not be mounted higher than general limits in table 6 below however the
Rapid attendance limit shall be accepted under below mention condition
1.1.
In the event of fire, alarm is automatically sent to the fire brigade service and their
1.1.
usual attendance is 5 minutes or less.
2.2.
There are small section of the ceiling which do not exceed 10% of total ceiling area.
2.2.
Detector Coverage
Wall and Partition
Detector should not be mounted within 500 mm of any wall due to dead
spot near wall.
Void.
Ceiling and Under Voids 800 mm or more in height should also be zoned and
protected by detectors. Void less the 800 mm need not to be protected. Unless
extensive spread of fire or its product , particularly between rooms and
compartments can take place within it before detection.
Detector Coverage
Ventilation Effect
Movement of air can cause dilution of smoke /heat intensity until
detectors install cant detect the fire outbreak .
Detector Coverage
Manual Break Glass Call Points
1.Comply with 30 m distance rule.
2.Use the same method of operation through out the building.
3.Should be located at the exit routs such as floor landing stairways
and
exit to the open air.
4.The time between operation and the sounding of the alarm should
ideally les than one second.
5.Be mounted at the height of 1.4m from the floor
6.Be mounted against contrasting background.
7.Manual call points to be indicated separately from detectors.
Controller Equipments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Power Supplies
Independent Power From Mains, Standby
Batteries with automatic charger
Battery life expectancy min of 4 years
Batteries capacity shall be able to support
running ampere of 24 hr supervisory load
and 30 min alarm mode.
Battery calculation
If the premise is unoccupied from 6.00 p.m on
Friday to 8.00 a.m on Monday. Given that the
operating current of the system is 350 mA and
the alarm running current is 2.0A Find the total
capacity of suitable batteries.
Formula:
Total Capacity req= ((Max Unsupervised Time+ 24
HR) X Operating Current)+( Alarm Current x
Alarm Duration)