Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Group 12 Case 1b
Group 12 Case 1b
Member of Group 12
Ketua
:
Arianto Leonardi 405070072
Sekretaris
:
Viencensia 405070090
Scriber :
Iman Teguh 405070109
Anggota :
Melia Sugiarto
405070009
Hadiyanti405070125
Diah Permatasari
405070156
Nazrien 405070133
Apolonia Aurensya
405070130
Wahyu Wijasena Adhi407070106
Gladys Sudiyanto
405070123
Ferdy Halim
405070082
Grace
405070080
Scenario
You receive a call from Mrs. Melati, mother of Rosa, a
previously healthy 2 months old girl. For the past 3
days, Rosa developed an occult bleeding and mucous
in the stool accompanied by a moderate degree of
emesis. However, her temperature hasnt increased,
no abdominal cramping or colic, but today she seems
a bit pale and more irritable.
Unfortunately Mrs. Melati didnt breastfeed Rosa about
a week ago, and give her reguler cow milk formula.
While you are discussing her family history, Mrs. Melati
report that Rosas brother and sister are having food
allergy, her 6 years old brother is ashmatic as well as
his father. The mother assumed that he has the same
dairy product allergy like his 3 years old sister.
Scenario
You tell her to bring him for further diagnostic
investigation and call the lactation clinic for a
counseling appointment in order to return to
exclusive breastfeeding.
Learning Objectives
Explain about anatomy and physiology of gastro
intestinal system
Explain about the mechanism of emesis and
occult bleeding
Explain about the most likely diagnosis for emesis
and occult bleeding
Explain about food allergy
Explain about lactose intolerance
Explain the risk factor of the disease
Explain the complication of the disease
Explain the management, treatment, and health
education
Sal cerna
Pintu masuk makanan (vitamin, mineral,
cairan di badan)
Protein, lemak, KH diurai mjd unit
terkecil dicerna limfe/darah
absorbsi
Enzim saliva & lingual KH, lemak
Lambung protein, lemak
Exocrine portion pankreas KH, lipid,
protein, DNA, RNA
KH pencernaan
Monosakarida/disakarida/polisakarida
Dicerna dari mulut as lambung, saliva,
pankreas @ amilase
Sukrosa + sucrase glukosa & fruktosa
Lactosa + lactase gukosa & galaktosa
Trehalose + trehalase 2 mol glukosa
Kekurangan diare, kembung, flatulence
Laktase < tidak bisa minum susu
penyerapan
Protein
As lambung pepsinogen pepsin aa
dipecah (fenilalanin-tirosin)
Ph optimum pepsin : 1,6-3,2. duodenum,
jejenum 6,5. duodenal cap: ph : 2-4
Tripsin, kimotripsin, elastase
endopeptidase
Carboxypeptidase dari pankreas
exopeptidase
Terakhir aa dicerna di dlm lumen usus halus,
brush border, sitoplasma
Gaster
Seluruh permukaan mukosa gastric area
mengandung gastric pits atau foveolae
gastrica.
Foveola gastrica pada cardia dan fundus
lebih sempit dan lebih dangkal dibanding
dg pylorus
Epitel mukosanya selapis torak
Kelenjar lambung
Pada kelenjar Fundus dapat
dibedakan 4 macam sel yaitu:
1. Chief cell (Pepsinogen cell /
Hauptzellen / zymogenic cell)
2. Parietal cells / Belegzellen / Oxyntic
cells / HCl cells.
3. Mucous neck cell / nebenzellen
4. Argentaffin cell / enterochromaffin
cell / enteroendocrine cell
Usus Halus
Colon
Ciri khas : terdapatnya limfonodulus
solitarius yg meluas dari lamina
propria ke submukosa
Tunika muskularis longitudinalis
membentuk tiga pita longitudinal,
taenia coli
Rectum
OCCULT BLEEDING
Pendarahan samar saluran cerna
yg tidak tampak secara nyata
pada infeksi feces.
Pembuluh darah yang terbuka
hanya pada lapisan mukosa
Kebanyakan bersifat kronik dan bila
berat dapat menyebabkan anemia
defisiensi besi
Melena
anak
Hematemesis
Epistaksis
Peptic esophagitis
Mallory weiss syndrome
Varises esofagus
Ulkus gaster
Ulkus duodenum
Henoch schonlein purpura
Melena
Ulkus duodenum
Duplikasi ileum
Divertikulum Meckel
Ulkus duodenum
Duplikasi ileum
Divertikulum Meckel
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intususepsi
Volvulus
Ulkus duodenum
Hemobilia
Intususepsi
Volvulus
Kolitis infeksiosa
Kolitis pseudomembran
Enterokolitis Hirschprung
Kolitis infeksiosa
Kolitis crohn
Sindroma hemolitik uremi
Henoch schonlein purpura
Fisura ani
Kolitis eosinofilik
Fisura ani
Ulkus rektum
Juvenile polyp
Definisi
Pengeluaran isi lambung / esofagus
melalui mulut dengan paksa.
Tahap nausea
Berkeringat dingin, salivasi, pucat, takikardi, bernapas
dalam, pilorus membuka, kontraksi duodenum /
jejunum.
Tahap retching
Lambung kontraksi, spinchter esofagus bawah
membuka, tapi yg atas masih menutup, inspirasi dlm
dgn kontraksi diafragma, diikuti dgn relaksasi otot
dinding perut dan lambung shg chyme yg tadinya sdh
msk ke esofagus kembali ke lambung.
Tahap ekspulsi
Inspirasi dlm dgn kontraksi diafragma, otot dinding
perut berkontraksi, kontraksi otot faring menutup glotis
dan nares posterior, anti peristaltik pd lambung, pilorus
menutup, spinkter esofagus atau dan bawah membuka.
Pengobatan muntah
1. Kausal
2. Suportif
3. Obat-obat : antihistamin,
antikolinergik, fenotiazin,
metoklopramid , domperidon dll
Food Allergic
DEFINITION
Food allergies are the body's
abnormal responses to harmless
foods ; the reactions are caused by
the immune system's reaction to
some food proteins.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Cow's milk is one of the most
common food allergies in children,
perhaps because it is usually the first
foreign protein (substance)
encountered by infants. Cow's milk
allergy (CMA) affects about 2-7.5% of
infants.
RISK FACTOR
Family history
A past food allergy
Other allergies
Age
Pathophysiology
Primer kontrol terhadap antigen yg di mukosa
usus terganggu
Secunder :
Gastroenteritis akut
Diagnosis
Gejala menghilang stlh eliminasi
susu sapi
Gejala muncul kembali stlh 48 jam
sesudah pemberian susu sapi
Reaksi hrs trjd 3x berturut-turut dgn
gej klinis yg sama baik masa
timbulnya maupun lama sindromnya
Laboratory findings
Treatments Non
Pharmacology
Milk substitution
Breastfeeding
Hidrolisat protein
Formula meat base
Air tajin
Hyposensititation
Complication
Anaphylaxis
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Migraines
Prevention
Notify key people that your child has a
food allergy
Explain food allergy symptoms
Write an action plan
Have your child wear a medical alert
bracelet or necklace
Lactose Intolerance
Intoleransi Laktosa
Definisi
Ketidakmampuan tubuh untuk
mencerna dan menyerap laktosa
( gula susu ) yang berujung pada
gejala gejala khas pencernaan
tertentu
Muntah
Diare yg sering, bulky, berbau asam
Meteorismus
Flatulensi
Kolik abdomen
Diagnosis banding
Malabsorbsi lemak
Steatore atau bertambahnya lemak
dalam tinja.
Prosedur yang paling sederhana ialah
pemeriksaan tinja makroskopis dan
mikroskopis. Tanda-tanda makroskopis
tinja yang karakteristik tinja berlemak
ialah lembek, tidak berbentuk, berwarna
coklat muda sampai kuning, kelihatan
berminyak.
Pemeriksaan laboratorium
1. Pengukuran pH tinja (pH < 6)
2. Penentuan kadar gula dlm tinja dgn
tablet Clinitest
3. Laktosa loading (tolerance) test
4. Barium meal lactose
5. Biopsi
Penatalaksanaan
Diberikan susu rendah laktosa atau free
lactose selama 2-3 bulan kemudian
diganti kembali ke susu formula biasa.
Pada intoleransi laktosa sementara,
sebaiknya diberikan susu rendah
laktosa selama 1 bulan
Penderita dengan intoleransi laktosa
yang diwariskan diberikan susu bebas
laktosa.
Prognosis
Pada kelainan intoleransi laktosa
yang diwariskan prognosisnya kurang
baik sedangkan pada kelainan yang
primer dan sekunder prognosisnya
baik.
Kesimpulan
Pada kasus ini, kemungkinan Rosa
menderita food allergy.
Diperlukan pemeriksaan penunjang
lebih lanjut untuk menegakkan
diagnosa.
Saran
Untuk sementara, sebaiknya
dihentikan pemberian susu sapi.
Pemberian susu sapi diganti dengan
ASI atau substitusi susu yang telah
disebutkan di atas.
References
Wyllie R. The digestive system. In : Kliegman RM,
Berhman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelsons
textbook of pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia : WB
Saunders Co, 2007 : 1521 1645.
Junqueira LC, Cerneiro J, Kelley RO. Basic histology.
8th ed. Connecticut : Appleton & Lange, 1995.
Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M,
Setiadi S, editor. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam.
Edisi ke-4. jilid I. Jakarta : Pusat penerbitan ilmu
penyakit dalam FKUI, 2006.
Sherwood L. Human physiology. 5th ed. Belmont :
Thomson Learning, 2004.