TDB 1123 COMPUTER

ORGANISATION
Introduction to Computer Organisation

Learning objectives
To distinguish between the terms Computer
Architecture and Computer Organisation
To identify the basic elements in a computer
system
Computer User
Computer Task
Data Processing

To describe the component of a computer system

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Typical Computer Advertisement

What do you think?

Is the computer fast enough to run necessary programs?

Is the computer cost-effective?
Will it be obsolete in 6 months?
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Computer organization in brief

= how components in computer systems
behave and is designed

What is Computer Organization?

What is Computer Organization?

Why Study Computer

Organisation?
User
Understand system capabilities and limitations
Make informed decisions
Improve communications with information technology professionals

Systems Analyst
Conduct surveys, determine feasibility and define and document user
requirements
Able to understand the technical specification
Specify computer systems to meet application requirements

Programmer
Create efficient application software for specific processing needs
Know how to manage the errors.
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Why Study Computer

Organisation? contd
System Administrator / Manager

Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems

Maximize system availability
Optimize system performance
Ensure system security

Web Designer

Optimize customer accessibility to Web services

System administration of Web servers
Select appropriate data formats
Design efficient Web pages

What is Architecture
Computer Architecture helps us understand how
all the following activities are perform internally
from a programmers point of view
Drawing & Painting
Making Decision
Typing
Displaying & Visualising
Playing movies & Music

Remembering
Editing
Printing
Connecting
Chatting

1000s of Instruction
Adding & Subtracting
Dividing & Multiplying
Shifting & Comparing
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What is Architecture
The architecture of the computer system is made up
of the hardware and system software. Then, a
communication component exists to enable
interconnecting systems.

Computer architecture refers to the way the system

and its resources appear to the user, especially to
the programmer.
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What is Organisation
Computer Organisation describes the hardware
devices and interconnections used to implement
the following task:
Addition
Multiplication
Subtraction
Shifting

Storage
Memory Access
Addressing Mode
I/O Control

Electronic Signals
Controllers (CPU)
Memory Devices
Interfaces
Integrated Circuits
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Computer Organisation
Describes how the systems components are
organised internally and interconnected to
realise the computers architecture.
A family of computers may have a common
architecture, but each members of the family may
be organised in a different way internally to achieve
that architecture. Yet some internal factors may have
a profound, although hidden, effect on the
behaviour of the system as seen by a programmer
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Architecture vs. Organisation

Architecture is concerned by those attribute
visible to the programmer (either at the higher or
lower levels)

Instruction set (for CPU chips), data bits, address bits, I/O operations,
memory and device addressing techniques.
Can we divide or multiply numbers with one instruction?

Organisation is how features are implemented

Control signals, interface, memory technology
Is there a hardware device that we can use to perform an arithmetic
division or a multiplication in one go or can we only do so by repeated
arithmetic addition
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Architecture vs. Organisation

Intel X86-based family of computers share the
same basic architecture.
Back-compatibility ensured. Program that run on Intel486 based
computers, also run Intel386, Intel286 and Intel86 based computers

IBM System/370 family share same basic

architecture
Back-compatibility ensured

Organisation may be different from one model

to another or from one version to another
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Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

Input: keyboard,
mouse, scanner, punch
cards, Magnetic Tapes,
Hard Disks, CD-ROMs,
Card Reader (e.g. Credit
Card, Smart Card, Touch
Card, Loyalty Card),
Network Devices Infrared Readers
Processing: CPU
executes the computer
program

Output: monitor, printer, fax

machine, plotters, Magnetic Tapes,
Hard Disks, CD-RWs, Network
Devices
Storage: hard drive, optical
media, magnetic tape
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An Example: An ATM Machine

ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) Operation:
Retrieve
Customer
Keypad (Pin Number)
Account
Information

Input

Process

(Check Transaction)

Output

Update
Account

(Screen Display)
(Printing Receipt)
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Component of a Computer System

The Hardware Component

The Software
Component

The Data Component

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Computer System Components

Hardware
Processes data by executing instructions
Provides input and output

Software
Instructions executed by the system

Data
Fundamental representation of facts and observations
Eg Files, Databases and Hardcopy

Communications
Sharing data and processing among different systems
Eg: Network Connections, Protocol and Devices
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Why bother to study Computer Organization?

Why bother to study Computer

Organization?

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