Computer Organization

Lec #1 : Introduction

Bnar Mustafa
bnar.mustafa8@gmail.com
Spring 2021

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 Introduction
What is a computer?
A computer is a sophisticated electronic calculating machine
that:
• Accepts input information
• Process the information according to a list of internally
stored instructions and
• Produces the resulting output information

• All computers more or less based on the same basic design,

“the Von Neumann Architecture”!

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 Introduction
• In order to achieve complete understandings of computer systems, it is
always important to consider both hardware and software design of various
computer components. In other words, every functionality of the computer
has to be studied to increase the performance of the computer.

• Computer organization and architecture mainly focuses on various parts

of the computer in order to reduce the execution time of the program,
improve the performance of each part. Generally, we tend to think
computer organization and computer architecture as same but there is
slight difference

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 The Von Neumann Architecture
• Model for designing and building computers, based on the
following three characteristics:
1) The computer consists of four main sub-systems:
• Memory
• ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
• Control Unit
• Input/Output System (I/O)
1) Program is stored in memory during execution.
2) Program instructions are executed sequentially.

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• Computer Organization is study of internal working, structuring and
implementation of a computer system from software point of view and
gives overall description of the system and working principles without
going into much detail. In other words, it is mainly about the
programmer’s or user point of view.

• Computer Architecture is study of the system from hardware point of

view and emphasis on how the system is implemented. Basically, throws
light on the designer’s point of view.
• Example:-
• A chef prepares a certain recipe, then serves it to the customers. Chef
knows the way of preparing the food item whereas customer cares only
about quality and taste of the food. In a same way, “chef” can referred to
as computer architecture and “customer” as computer organization.
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 Differences between Computer
Architecture and Computer Organization
• Computer Architecture:
Computer Architecture is a functional description of requirements
and design implementation for the various parts of computer. It
deals with functional behavior of computer system. It comes
before the computer organization while designing a computer.

Architecture describes what the computer does.

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 Cont.
• Computer Organization:
Computer Organization comes after the decide of Computer
Architecture first. Computer Organization is how operational
attributes are linked together and contribute to realize the
architectural specification. Computer Organization deals with
structural relationship.

Organization describes how it does it.

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# Computer Architecture
Architecture describes what the computer
1.
does.
Computer Architecture deals with
2.
functional behavior of computer system.
In above figure, its clear that it deals with
3.
high-level design issue.
4. Architecture indicates its hardware.
For designing a computer, its architecture
5.
is fixed first.
Computer Architecture is also called as
6.
instruction set architecture.
Computer Architecture comprises logical
functions such as instruction sets,
7.
registers, data types and addressing
modes.
Architecture coordinates between the
8.
hardware and software of the system.
Computer Organization
Organization describes how it does it.
Computer Organization deals with
structural relationship.
In above figure, its also clear that it deals
with low-level design issue.
Where, Organization indicates its
performance.
For designing a computer, organization is
decided after its architecture.
Computer Organization is frequently called
as micro architecture.
Computer Organization consists of physical
units like circuit designs, peripherals and
adders.
Computer Organization handles the
segments of the network in a system.
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 Structure and Function:

What can a computer to do?

• Data movement
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Control the system

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 Dividing the structure in to levels
Level ONE (Software Parts)

• The computer can accept data _ in (inputs), produce data _out (output).

• Software is the program that are installed and used in the partition of
memory named as Code segment. Two types of software we have:
(System Software) and (application software)

System Software as Editor, Assembler, Linker, Locater, Compiler /

Interpreter, Debugger and Operating System.

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 System Software
The software that controls internal computer operations:
• Reading data
• Transmitting processed information
• Checking system component
• Converting data instructions to computer understandable form is
known as system software

Ex: Operating system controls the overall activity of the computer

system, such as the ability of the applications in order to functioning
it.

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 Application Software

An application software is a set of programs necessary to carry

out operations for a specified application.

It is subdivided into four categories

o Packages
o Utilities
o Customized Software
o Developers

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 Level Two (Hardware parts )

The computer has four main parts:

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• Main memory (RAM: random access memory, ROM: read
only memory)
• I/O (input/output devices)
• System interconnection bus.

Note : CPU is the master of all other parts

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 Functional units of a computer
Input unit: accepts information:
ALU: Performs the desired
• Human operators
operations of the input
• Electromechanical devices information as determined by
• Other computers instructions in the memory
Memory
Arithmetic
Input & Logic unit
Instruction 1
Instruction 2 Control
Output Instruction 3 unit

I/O Data 1
Data 2 Processor
Control unit coordinates varies
Memory: stores actions :
information:
Input
instructions,..
Out put
processing
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 Input Unit
Binary information must be presented to a computer in a
specific format. This task is performed by the input unit:
• Interfaces with input devices,
• Accepts binary information from input devices.

Real world Computer

memory

Input
unit
Processor

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 Output Unit
Computers represent information in a specific binary form. Output
units:
• Interface with output devices
• Accepts processed results provided by the computer in
specific binary form
• Convert the information in binary form to a form understand
by an output devices.
Computer
Real world
memory
-Printer
output
-Graphic display
unit
-Speakers
Processor

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The CPU is called the brain of the computer because it is the
control center of the computer.
• As the CPU is located on a small chip, it is also called the
microprocessor.
- ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (+,-,*,/)
- CU: Control unit
- Registers

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 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) performs
– mathematical(arithmetic) operations (+, -, *, /,)
– logic operations (=, <, >, and, or, not, ...)

• In today's computers integrated into the CPU Consists of:

– Circuits to do the arithmetic/logic operations.
– Registers (fast storage units) to store intermediate computational
results.
– Bus that connects the two.

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 Structure of the ALU
• ALU circuitry:
– Contains an array of circuits to do
mathematical/logic operations.

• Registers: Very fast local memory cells,

that store operands of operations and
intermediate results.
– CCR (condition code register), a
special purpose register that stores the
result of <, = , > operations
• Bus:
– Data path interconnecting the registers
to the ALU circuitry.

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 Control Unit
directs what happens in the CPU and the rest of your computer:
• Accepts information from the “input units”
• Stores the information(memory)
• Process the information(ALU)
• Provides Processed result through the “output unit”.

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 Registers
• A register is a temporary unit of memory in CPU.
• Registers can be of different sizes (16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit)
• Register inside the CPU has a specific function like storing
data, storing an instruction, storing address of a location in
memory etc.

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 Memory
• Memory attached to the CPU is used for storage of data and
instructions and is called internal memory.
• The internal memory also called the primary memory or main
memory

Memory

Primary Secondary

ROM
RAM Sequential Random
-PROM
-SRAM e.g. magnetic Magnetic
_EPROM
-DRAM Tape Optical
EEPROM

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 RAM
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
Primary memory is volatile in nature that
means when the power is switched off the
data stored in this memory is temporary erased.
• It consists of many memory cells (storage units) of a fixed size.
• Each cell has an address associated with it: 0, 1, …
– All accesses to memory are to a specified address.
• A cell is the minimum unit of access (fetch/store a complete cell).
– The time it takes to fetch/store a cell is the same for all cells.

• When the computer is running, both

– Program (instructions) and
– Data (variables)
are stored in the memory
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 Types of RAM

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 ROM
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is non volatile and the contents are retained even after the
power is switched off.

• Hard Disk (HD)

Hard disk of today is measured storage capacity, measured in GB
up to TB

Internal HD
Close up of Internal HD external HD 30
 Types of ROM
• PROM (Programmable read-only memory)
– It can be programmed by user. Once programmed, the data
and instructions in it cannot be changed.

• EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory)

– It can be reprogrammed. To erase data from it, expose it to
ultra violet light. To reprogram it, erase all the previous data.

• EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only

memory)
– The data can be erased by applying electric field, no need
of ultra violet light. We can erase only portions of the chip.
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 • Compact Disk (CD)
Optical media, cheap, storage capacity up to 700Mb,
1. CD-ROM (Read only memory)
2. CD-R (Recordable)
3. CD-RW (Re-writable)

• DVD (Digital versatile discs)

High capacity optical disk capable of storing 4.7GB to 17GB
1. DVD- R : Allows users to write on the disc once but read
it many times
2. DVD- RW: you can erased read many
times on them.

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• PEN /THUMB DRIVE
Its called flash memory, USB memory, key memory. Ranging
from 256MB – 128 GB

• BLU RAY DISK

- optical disk storage media format
- high definition video and data storage
capable of storing 128 GB data

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 RAM vs. ROM
BASIS FOR
RAM ROM
COMPARISON
Basic It is a read-write memory. It is read only memory.

Use Used to store the data that has to It stores the instructions required
be currently processed by CPU during bootstrap of the computer.
temporarily.

Volatility It is a volatile memory. It is a nonvolatile memory.

Stands for Random Access Memory. Read Only Memory.

Modification Data in RAM can be modified. Data in ROM can not be modified.

Capacity RAM sizes from 64 MB to 4GB. ROM is comparatively smaller than

RAM.
Cost RAM is a costlier memory ROM is comparatively cheaper than
RAM.
Type Types of RAM are static RAM and Types of ROM are PROM, EPROM,
dynamic RAM. EEPROM.
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 System Bus
• Electronic pathway composed of connecting cables that
connects major components of computer especially between
CPU and RAM

o Address Bus: Memory address carrying part of system bus

o Data Bus: Data carrying part of system bus
o Control Bus: Control instruction carrying part of system bus

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 Mobile Processor

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 Mobile Processor
• It is the brain of the smartphone
• The CPU receives commands make instant calculations face
audio video store information and send signals throughout the
devices.

• The CPU of mobile system has majorly two sub processor type:
o Communication Processing Unit CPU
o Application Processing Unit APU

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 Communication Processing Unit
• Responsible for making and receiving phone calls on a
mobile handset
• Radio signal management unit: Responsible for connecting
SIM to the base station through radio signals
• Audio subsystem: responsible for converting the voice signal
to digital signals and vice versa

1. Digital to analog converter (DAC)

2. Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC)

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 Application Processing Unit
• Application Processing Unit (APU):
– The subsystem is responsible for governing controlling all
type of operations taking place on a mobile system.

• Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)

− The GPU assist the CPU by handling of other graphically
rich applications
− In short GPU Handles or graphics related chores off the
mobile CPU

• System-on-a-chip (SOC)
− These days micro components of a mobile system are
integrated on a single chip called system-on-a-chip.

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 Display subsystem
• System is responsible for providing display facilities and
touch sensitive interfaces

• Most mobile system get instructions through touch based and

other sensors

It supports
• Display screen
• Touch sensitive interface
• Touch sensitive keyboards

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 Camera subsystem
• This subunit is designed to deliver a tightly bound image
processing package and enable an improved overall picture
and video experience.

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 • Mobile system memory

o RAM Random access memory

o ROM Read only memory

• Storage
o The external storage of mobile system is also called
expandable storage
o It comes in the form of SD card micro SD card ,etc.

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 • Power Management System

o This system is responsible for providing power to a mobile

system
o The mobile system work on limited power provided
through unattached battery unit.

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 Good luck 

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