Generalized Hookes Law

For an element subjected to multiaxial loading, the normal strain

components resulting from the stress
components may be determined from
the principle of superposition. This
requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
are small
2)
Withdeformations
these restrictions:

x y z
x

E
E
E
x y z
y

E
E
E
x y z
z

E
E
E
2-1

Dilatation:
Bulk
Modulus
Relative to the unstressed state, the change
1 1 is
in evolume
x 1 y 1 z 1 1 x y z
x y z

1 2
x y z
E

dilatation (change in volume per unit volume)

For element subjected to uniform

p
31 2pressure,
hydrostatic
e p
E

E
bulk modulus
31 2

Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation

must be negative, therefore
0 12

Shearing Strain
A cubic element subjected to a shear
stress will deform into a rhomboid. The
corresponding shear strain is quantified in
terms of the change in angle between the
sides,
f
xy

xy

A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is

similar the previous plots of normal stress
vs. normal strain except that the strength
values are approximately half. For small
strains,
G
G
G
xy

xy

yz

yz

zx

zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or

shear modulus.
2-3

Relation Among E, and G

An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction
and contract in the transverse
directions.
An initially cubic element oriented
as in top figure will deform into a
rectangular parallelepiped. The
axial load produces a normal
strain.
If the cubic element is oriented as
in the bottom figure, it will deform
into a rhombus. Axial load also
results in a shear strain.
Components of normal and shear
strain are related,
E
1
2G
2-4

E
(1 ) x y z
1 1 2
E
y
x (1 ) y z
1 1 2
E
z
x y (1 ) z
1 1 2
E
E
xy G xy :G
; xy
xy
21
21
E
xy
xy
21
E
yz
yz
21
E
zx
zx
21

 x

y
z

1 1 2
xy

yz

zx

1 v

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
1 2
2

1 2

0
2

0
0

0 y

0 z
xy
0 yz

1 2 zx