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Solutions and SOlubility
Solutions and SOlubility
on
&
Solubilit
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Solution
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure
substances.
In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the
solvent.
A homogenous mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent.
The solubility (ability to dissolve) of a solute in a solvent is
dependent on the
a. Temperature
For solid solutes
as temperature increases, solubility increases.
For gas solutes
:as temperature increases, solubility decreases.
b. Pressure
For solid solutes
as pressure increases, solubility remains the same.
c. Nature of Solute/Solvent
Solute Type
Polar Solvent
Soluble (Soap)
Insoluble (Water)
Polar
Insoluble
Soluble (Water)
Ionic (Salt)
Insoluble
Soluble (Water)
High Solubility-Soluble
Low Solubility-insoluble
Solubility
Maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at
a given temperature.
Gram of solute
Solubility=
100 g of Water
Varies with temperature
Based on a saturated solution
The bond between solubility and
temperature can be expressed by a
solubility curve. The solubility curves
of several compounds are shown on
the right. Such curves disclose the
maximum amount of solute that can
be dissolved in 100 grams of water
over a range of temperatures.
The solubility of most compounds
increases as temperature increases,
although exceptions do exist.
Types of
Solution
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
increasing concentration
Saturated
Types of
Solution
Unsaturated
Saturated
Supersaturated
Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that
temperature.
These solutions are unstable; crystallization can usually be stimulated
by adding a seed crystal or scratching the side of the flask.
Solubility Rules
1. Not all ionic compounds are water soluble.
2. There are some general rules for compounds that are water
soluble:
Li+
Na+
K+ or
NO3-
Na2SO4 KBr
Ca(NO3)2
Solubility Rules
2. Salts with Cl- are soluble, but not if the positive ion is :
Ag+, Pb2+, or Hg22+.
Examples:
Soluble
MgCl2
Insoluble
AgCl , PbCl2
3. Salts with SO42- are soluble, but not if the positive ion is Ba2+,
Pb2+, Hg2+ or Ca2+.
Examples:
Soluble
Not soluble
MgSO4
BaSO4 PbSO4
Affecting
Solubility
Affecting
Solubility
The more
similar the
intermolecular
attractions, the
more likely one
substance is to be
soluble in another.
Affecting
Solubility
Glucose (which
has hydrogen
bonding) is very
soluble in water,
while
cyclohexane
(which only has
dispersion
forces) is not.
Affecting
Solubility
Concentration
Concentration of a solution can be expressed either quantitatively
or qualitatively (dilute or concentrated).
Methods
Mass of Expressing Concentrations of Solutions
Percentag
e Mass percentage is expressed using the equation:
Mass % of component =
mass of A in solution
total mass of solution
106
mass of A in solution
total mass of solution
109
100
Mole Fraction
This is how many moles of substance are in the solution.
Molarit
y
Moles of component
Total moles of all components
Molarity =
Molality
(m)
Moles solute
Liters solution
mol of solute
m = kg of solvent
Changing Molarity
to Molality
If we know the density of the
solution, we can calculate the
molality from the molarity,
and vice versa.
Raoults Law
Psoln = solventPsolvent
Ideal Solution
...a solution that obeys
Raoults law
Psoln = solventP solvent
Ideal solutions
are nonideal
may approach ideal behavior if
solute and solvent are similar
Example: sucrose in water
Vapor Pressure of an
Ideal Solution
Two Volatile Solvents
Ptotal = PA + PB = XAPA0 + XBPB0
NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS
Positive
Deviation
Negative
Deviation
Colligative
Properties
Boiling Point
Elevation
A nonvolatile solute elevates the boiling point of the solvent.
T = Kbmsolute
Kb = Molal boiling point elevation constant
m = Molality of the solute
T = Kfmsolute
Phase Diagram for an
Aqueous Solution
In effect, a dissolved
solute acts to extend
the liquid range of
the solvent
Boiling-Point
Elevation and
Freezing-Point
Depression
Colligative Properties of
Electrolyte
Solutions
vant Hoff factor, i, relates to the number of ions per formula
unit.
NaCl = 2, K2SO4 = 3
molesofparticlesinsolution
i =
molesofsolutedissolved
T = imK
= iMRT
i (expected)
i (observed)
NaCl
2.0
1.9
MgCl2
3.0
2.7
FeCl3
4.0
3.4
Osmosis
Osmosis
Osmotic
Pressure
The pressure required to stop osmosis, known as
osmotic pressure, , is
=(
n
V
)RT = MRT
Colloids
Colloids are particles that are large on the molecular scale but still
small enough to remain suspended indefinitely in a solvent system.
(aka colloidal dispersions.)
They are intermediate between solutions and heterogeneous
mixtures.
They have the ability to scatter light; known as the Tyndall effect.
is the
Colloids in Biological
Systems
Some molecules have a
polar, hydrophilic (waterloving) end and a
nonpolar, hydrophobic
(water-hating) end.
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