Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANE 4240 & CIVL 4240 Introduction To Finite Elements: Shape Functions in 1D
MANE 4240 & CIVL 4240 Introduction To Finite Elements: Shape Functions in 1D
Shape functions in 1D
Reading assignment:
Lecture notes, Logan 2.2, 3.1
Summary:
Linear shape functions in 1D
Quadratic and higher order shape functions
Approximation of strains and stresses in an element
x
x=L
x=0
L
1
du
(u) EA
dx bu dx Fu(x L)
0
2 0
dx
L
L
1
dw
(w) EA
dx bw dx Fw(x L)
0
2 0
dx
L
Rayleigh-Ritz Principle
Step 1. Assume a solution
w( x) a 0 o ( x) a11 ( x) a 2 2 ( x) ...
L
1
dw
(w) EA
dx bw dx Fw(x L)
0
2 0
dx
L
(w)
0, i 0,1,2,...
ai
2
El #2
El #3
L
1
dw
(w) EA
dx 0 bw dx Fw(x L)
0
2
dx
L
x1=0
x2
El #1
El #2
x4=L
x3
El #3
L
1
dw
(w) EA
dx bw dx Fw(x L)
0
2 0
dx
L
x2
1
dw
1 (w) EA
dx x bw dx
x
1
2 1
dx
x2
x3
1
dw
2 (w) EA
dx x bw dx
x
2
2 2
dx
x3
x1=0
x2
El #1
El #2
x4
x3
El #3
x4
1
dw
3 (w) EA
dx bw dx Fw(x L)
x3
2 x3
dx
x4
w(x) a 0 a1x
d 1x
x1
How to obtain a0 and a1?
El #1
x2
Solve simultaneously
x2
x1
a0
d 1x
d 2x
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
1
1
a1
d 1x
d 2x
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
Hence
x2 - x
x - x1
w(x) a 0 a 1x
d1x
d 2x N1 (x)d1x N 2 (x)d 2x
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
N1 (x)
N 2 (x)
w(x) N d
(1)
x 2 - x x - x1
N N 1 (x) N 2 (x)
x
x
x
1
2
1
2
Vector of nodal displacements
d 1x
d
d 2x
x2 - x
N 1 (x)
x 2 x1
x - x1
N 2 (x)
x 2 x1
x1
Check
N1 (x)
x2 - x
x 2 x1
N1 (x x1 )
x 2 - x1
1
x 2 x1
and N1 (x x 2 )
x2 - x2
0
x 2 x1
El #1
x2
w (1) (x)
x2 - x
x - x1
d1x
d 2x
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
x1
El #1
At x=x2
x2
x3 x2
d 2x
El #2
w (1) (x x 2 )
x2 - x2
x -x
d1x 2 1 d 2x d 2x
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
w (2) (x x 2 )
x3 - x 2
x -x
d 2x 2 2 d 3x d 2x
x3 x2
x3 x2
x3 x2
d 3x
x3
3. Completeness
N1 (x) N 2 (x) 1
for all x
x2 - x
N1 (x)
;
x 2 x1
x - x1
N 2 (x)
x 2 x1
And check
x2 - x
x - x1
N1 (x) N 2 (x)
1
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
x2 - x
x - x1
and N1 (x) x1 N 2 (x) x 2
x1
x2 x
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
N1 (x) N 2 (x) 1
for all x
1
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
x2 - x
N 1 (x)
x 2 x1
x - x1
N 2 (x)
x 2 x1
x1
El #1
x2
Node at which N1 is 0
x2 - x
Notice that the length of the element = x2-x1
x 2 - x1
The denominator is
x1 - x
x - x1
N 2 (x)
N 3 (x)
N 2 (x)
x1
x 2 - x x 3 - x
x 2 - x1 x 3 - x1
x1 - x x 3 - x
N 2 (x)
x1 - x 2 x 3 - x 2
x1 - x x 2 - x
N 3 (x)
x1 - x 3 x 2 - x 3
N1 (x)
x2
El #1
x3
w(x) N d
Recall that the strain in the bar
dw
dx
Hence
dN
dBd
dx
(2)
dx
x 2 - x x - x1
N N 1 (x) N 2 (x)
x
x
x
1
2
1
2
Hence
-1
1
1
B
1 1
x 2 x1
x 2 x1 x 2 x1
d 1x
-1
1
Bd
d
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2x
d 2x - d 1x
x 2 x1
Displacement is linear
w(x) a 0 a1x
d 2x
d 1x
El #1
x1
x2
Strain is constant
d 2x - d 1x
x 2 x1
x
x1
El #1
x2
du
dx
EB d
(3)
For a linear element the stress is also constant inside each element.
This has the implication that the stress (and strain) is discontinuous
across element boundaries in general.
Summary
Inside an element, the three most important approximations in
terms of the nodal displacements (d) are:
Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions
(1)
u(x) N d
Strain approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix
(2)
(x) B d
Stress approximation in terms of strain-displacement matrix and
Youngs modulus
EB d
(3)
Summary
For a linear element
Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions
x 2 - x x - x 1 d 1x
u(x)
d
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2x
Strain approximation
d 1x
1
1 1
x 2 x1
d 2x
Stress approximation
d 1x
E
1 1
x 2 x1
d 2x