1

GASES and their PROPERTIES

Exercises, Examples, and
BOLD numbered problems

Chapter 12 Outline
Pressure formulas
Combined
PV=nRT
Know Key Equations 12.1-8

BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Importance of Gases

Airbags fill with N2 gas in an accident.

Gas is generated by the decomposition
of sodium azide, NaN3.
2 NaN3 ---> 2 Na + 3 N2

THREE STATES OF
MATTER

General Properties of
Gases
There is a lot of free
space in a gas.
Gases can be expanded
infinitely.
Gases occupy containers
uniformly and completely.
Gases diffuse and mix
rapidly.

Properties of Gases
Gas properties can be
modeled using mathematics.
Model depends on

V = volume of the gas (L)

T = temperature (K)
n = amount (moles)
P = pressure (atmospheres)

Pressure

Pressure of air is
measured with a
BAROMETER (developed
by Torricelli in 1643)
Hg rises in tube until force
of Hg (down) balances
the force of atmosphere
(pushing up).
P of Hg pushing down
related to
Hg density
column height

Pressure

Column height measures

P of atmosphere, where 1 standard atm
= 760 mm Hg
= 29.9 inches Hg
= about 34 feet of water
SI unit is PASCAL, Pa, where
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
1 atm = 1.01325 barr

10

Gas Pressure

Pressure is defined as the force per unit area, and is

usually measured in Pascals, which are N/m2.
We measure pressure in mmHg or torr.
These units of pressure are equivalent come from
measurements using a Torricellian barometer.

F
g
d cm
d h cm
P=
=
=
=
= dh
2
2
2
A
cm
cm
cm
3

P = pressure, F = Force ~ mass (g),

A (area) = cm2, d = density (g/cm3),
h = height
P is proportional to the height of the liquid mercury.

11

IDEAL GAS LAW

P
PV
V == nn R
R TT
Brings together gas
properties.
Can be derived from
experiment and
theory.

12

Boyles Law
If n and T are
constant, then
PV = (nRT) = k
This means, for
example, that P
goes up as V goes
down.

Robert Boyle
(1627-1691).
Son of Early of
Cork, Ireland.

13

Boyles Law
Boyle's law states that the pressure is
inversely proportional to volume, --- at constant n and T.

P 1/V
As P increases, V decreases
PV = Cb

P1V1 = P2V2

14

Boyles Law
A bicycle pump is
a good example
of Boyles law.
As the volume of
the air trapped in
the pump is
reduced, its
pressure goes up,
and air is forced
into the tire.

See Figures
12.3 and 12.4
page 543.

15

Charless
Charless
Law
Law
If n and P are
constant, then
V = (nR/P)T = kT
V and T are directly
proportional.

Jacques Charles
(1746-1823). Isolated
boron and studied
gases. Balloonist.

Charless Law

16

As temperature increases, volume increases,

at constant n and P.
If the Kelvin scale is used, V T.

V = Cc T

or

V1 V2

T1 T2

17

Charless Law

18

Gay-Lussac and Avogadro

Equal volumes of gases contain equal
numbers of molecules at constant T and P.

V n or V = Ca n

V1 V2

n1 n 2

19

Gay-Lussacs Law

20

Avogadros Hypothesis
Equal volumes of gases at the
same T and P have the same
number of molecules.
V = n (RT/P) = kn
V and n are directly proportional.

twice as many
molecules

21

Avogadros Hypothesis
The gases in this experiment are all
measured at the same T and P.

22

THE
THE IDEAL
IDEAL GAS
GAS LAW
LAW
Combining the previous gas laws,
produces the Ideal Gas Law.
PV = nRT

R = 0.082057 L atm/K mol

Standard temperature and pressure, STP,

are defined as:
0oC or 273.15 K
and exactly one atmosphere pressure.

23

THE
THE IDEAL
IDEAL GAS
GAS LAW
LAW
One mole of gas occupies 22.414 L at STP,
and is called the standard molar volume or
the molar volume at standard conditions.
The gas law can also be written in another
form:
P1 V1
P2 V2

----------- = ------------ n1 T1
n2 T2

Sample Problems
Calculate the new temperature if a
sample of gas at 25.0oC has a volume
of 475 liters at a pressure of 3.50 atm
and has a new volume of 825 liters at
a pressure of 2.85 atm.
Calculate the volume of the original
sample at STP.

24

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is reqd to fill a small room
with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L) to
P = 745 mm Hg at 25 oC?

R = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol

Solution
1. Convert all data into proper units
V = 27,000 L
T = 25 oC + 273 = 298 K
P = 745 mm Hg (1 atm/760 mm Hg)
= 0.980 atm

25

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is reqd to fill a small room with
a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L) to P =
745 mm Hg at 25 oC?
R = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol

Solution
2. Now calc. n = PV / RT
4

(0.980 atm)(2.7 x 10 L)
n =
(0.0821 L atm/K mol)(298 K)
n = 1.1 x 103 mol (or about 30 kg of gas)

26

Gases and Stoichiometry

Figure 12.9

27

Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)
Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a
volume of 2.50 L. What is the pressure of
O2 at 25 oC? Of H2O?
Solution
Strategy:
Calculate moles of H2O2 and then moles
O2 and H2O.
Finally, calculate P from n, R, T, and V.

of

28

Gases
Gases and
and Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry

29

2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)

Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a
volume of 2.50 L. What is the pressure of O2
at 25 oC? Of H2O?
Solution

11 mol
mol 0.032 mol
1.1
g
H
O

1.1 g H22 O22

0.032 mol
34.0
34.0 gg

11 mol
O
mol
O22 = 0.016 mol O
0.032
mol
H
O

0.032 mol H22O22

= 0.016 mol O22
22 mol
mol H
H22O
O2
2

Gases
Gases and
and Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)
Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a
volume of 2.50 L. What is the pressure of O2
at 25 oC? Of H2O?
Solution

P of O2 = nRT/V

(0.016 mol)(0.0821 L atm/K mol)(298 K)

=
2.50 L

P of O2 = 0.16 atm

30

Gases
Gases and
and Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)
Solution
What is P of H2O? Could calculate as above.
But recall Avogadros hypothesis.
V
P

n at same T and P
n at same T and V

There are 2 times as many moles of H2O a

moles of O2. P is proportional to n.
Therefore, P of H2O is twice that of O2.
P of H2O = 0.32 atm

31

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures
1. Each component in a gas mixture exerts a
pressure independent of the other
components in the mixture.
2. This pressure is called the partial
pressure.
3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains
the relationship between these pressures
and the other variables.
4. The mole fraction, XA, is defined as:

moles of A
A
moles total

32

1. Each component in a gas mixture exerts a

pressure independent of the other
components in the mixture.
2. This pressure is called the partial
pressure.

33

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures

34

3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains the

relationship between these pressures and the
other variables.

Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

Ideal
Ideal Gas
Gas Law
Law Relationships
Relationships

PV = nRT

PV
R
nT
PA VA
R
n A TA

PB VB
R
n B TB

35

Ideal
Ideal Gas
Gas Law
Law Relationships
Relationships
Rearrangement of Terms

PA VA
PB VB PC VC

R=
n A TA
n B TB n C TC
Combined Gas Law

36

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures

37

3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains the

relationship between these pressures and the
other variables.

Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

PA VA
R
n A TA

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures

38

3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains the

relationship between these pressures and the
other variables.

VA
PA
n A TA

VT
VA
VB
PT
PA
PB
...
n T TT
n A TA
n B TB

39

These terms can be regrouped

VT
VA
VB
PT
PA
PB
...
n T TT
n A TA
n B TB
PT = PA + PB + PC etc.
Same holds for moles since PT = nT

nT = nA + nB + nC etc.

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures
4. The mole fraction, XA, is defined as:
moles of A/moles total

PT VT PA VA PB VB PC VC

...
n T TT n A TA n B TB n C TC
For conditions of constant V & T

PT PA PB PC

...
nT nA nB nC

40

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures
4. The mole fraction, XA, is defined as:
moles of A/moles total

PT PA

...
nT nA

nA
PT
PA
nT

nA
PT
PT A =PA
nT

41

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures
3. Relationship between these pressures and
the other variables.

PT = PA + PB + PC etc. And --nT = nA + nB + nC etc.

4. Mole fraction = XA

PA = XAPTotal

42

Daltons
Daltons Law
Law of
of Partial
Partial Pressures
Pressures
2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)
0.32 atm

0.16 atm

What is the total pressure in the flask?

Ptotal in gas mixture = PA + PB + ...

Therefore:
Ptotal = P(H2O) + P(O2) = 0.48 atm

Daltons Law: total P is sum of PARTIAL

pressures.
Figures
Figures 12.12
12.12 and
and 12.14
12.14

43

Sample Problems
1. A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles
helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a
pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial
pressure of all the gases in this system?

PA = XAPTotal

nA
PT A PT
PA
nT

44

Sample Problems

45

A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles

helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a
pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial
pressure of all the gases in this system?

2.50 mol Ne + 1.45 mol He + 2.8 mol Ar = 6.75 mole

total

Sample Problems
A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles
helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a
pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial
pressure of all the gases in this system?
PNe =

PHe =

2.50 mole Ne
6.75 mole total
1.45 mole Ne
6.75 mole total

1.45 atm = 0.537 atm

1.45 atm = 0.311 atm

46

Sample Problems
A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles
helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a
pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial
pressure of all the gases in this system?
PAr =

2.80 mole Ne
6.75 mole total

1.45 atm = 0.601 atm

Check Your Answer

PNe +PHe +PAr = .537 atm + .311 atm + .601 atm =
1.45 atm total

47

Sample Problems

48

2. If 425 mL of hydrogen is collected over

water at 25oC and 755.0 torr, calculate
the volume of dry hydrogen at STP.
wet H2

dry H2 at STP

V=

425 mL

? mL

T=

298 K

273 K

P=

731.2 torr*

(Patm = PH2 + PH2O

760 torr
PH2 = 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

2.

Sample Problems
wet H2

dry H2 at STP

V=

425 mL

? mL

T=

298 K

273 K

P=

731.2 torr*

760 torr

(P = 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

Using the Combined Gas Law = 375 mL H2

49

50

GAS
GAS DENSITY
DENSITY
Low
density

High
density

51

GAS
GAS DENSITY
DENSITY
PV = nRT
n
P
=
V
RT
m
P
=
M V
RT

m
M
n

where M = molar mass

m
PM
d =
=
V
RT

USING
USING GAS
GAS DENSITY
DENSITY
The density of air at 15 oC and 1.00 atm is
1.23 g/L. What is the molar mass of air?

Solve the equation for M.

M = dRT/P
M = 29.1 g/mol
Note: Volume not needed!

52

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

(KMT)
Theory used to explain gas laws.
KMT assumptions are:
Gases consist of molecules in
constant, random motion.
P arises from collisions with container
walls.
No attractive or repulsive forces
between molecules. Collisions elastic.
Volume of molecules is negligible.

53

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Because we assume molecules are in
motion, they have a kinetic energy.

Ave. KE = (1/2)(mass)(ave. speed)2

At the same T, all gases have the same
average KE.
As T goes up, KE also increases and so
does average speed.

KE T,

1/2 m 2 = CT

(C is a nonspecific constant)

54

55

Kinetic Molecular Theory

At the same T, all gases have
the same average KE.
As T goes up, KE also
increases and so does speed.

56

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

The equation: 1/2 m = CT becomes
1/2 = 3/2RT and M 2 = 3RT
R = 8.31 J/K mol and M the molar mass kg /mole.

The average speed of molecules, can be

calculated if the temperature and molar mass are

know.
For two gases at the same temperature, the
following is true:

MA A2 = MB B2

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Expressed by Maxwells equation
2

3RT
M

rootmeansquarespeed

where is the speed and M is the

molar mass.
speed INCREASES with T
speed DECREASES with M

57

Velocity of Gas Molecules

Molecules of a given gas have a range of
speeds.

Figure 12.18

58

Distribution of Gas
Molecule Speeds

59

GAS DIFFUSION
AND EFFUSION
An application of KMT
Diffusion is the
gradual mixing of
molecules of
different gases.
Effusion is the
movement of
molecules through a
small hole into an
empty container.

60

61

GAS DIFFUSION AND

EFFUSION
Molecules effuse thru holes in
a rubber balloon, for example,
at a rate (= moles/time) that is:
proportional to T
inversely proportional to M.
Therefore, He effuses more
rapidly than O2 at same T.

He

62

GAS DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

Grahams law
governs effusion
and diffusion of
gas molecules.
RateforA
RateforB

MofB
MofA

Rate
Rate of
of effusion
effusion is
is
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional
to
to its
its molar
molar mass.
mass.

Thomas Graham, 18051869. Professor in

Glasgow and London.

Gas Diffusion
relation of mass to rate of diffusion
HCl
HCland
andNH
NH33 diffuse
diffuse
from
fromopposite
oppositeends
ends
of
of tube.
tube.
Gases
Gasesmeet
meet to
to form
form
NH
NH44Cl.
Cl.

M
> M 3
MHCl
HCl > MNH
NH3
Therefore,
Therefore, NH
NH44Cl
Cl
forms
formscloser
closerto
toHCl
HCl
end
endof
oftube.
tube.

63

Using KMT to Understand

Gas Laws

64

Recall that KMT assumptions are:

Gases consist of molecules in
constant, random motion.
P arises from collisions with container
walls.
No attractive or repulsive forces
between molecules. Collisions elastic.
Volume of molecules is negligible.

Avogadros Hypothesis and

Kinetic Molecular Theory

65

Gas Pressure,
Temperature, and Kinetic
Molecular Theory

66

67

Boyles Law and Kinetic

Molecular Theory

Deviations from
Ideal Gas Law
Real molecules
have volume.
There are

intermolecular
forces.
Otherwise a gas
could not
become a liquid.
Fig. 12.22

68

Deviations from Ideal Gas Law

Account for volume of
molecules and intermolecular
forces with VAN DER WAALS
EQUATION.
MeasuredP
n2 a
P+
V2

MeasuredV=V(ideal)
Vnb

nRT

vol.correction
intermol.forces

J. van der Waals,

1837-1923,
Professor of
Physics,
Amsterdam.
Nobel Prize 1910.

69

Deviations from Ideal Gas Law

Cl2 gas has a = 6.49, b = 0.0562
For 8.0 mol Cl2 in a 4.0 L tank at 27 oC.
P (ideal) = nRT/V = 49.3 atm
P (van der Waals) = 29.5 atm
MeasuredP
n2 a
P+
V2

MeasuredV=V(ideal)
Vnb

nRT

vol.correction
intermol.forces

70

71

Practice Problems
1. A sample of a gas exerts a pressure of
625 torr in a 300. mL vessel at 25oC. What
pressure would this gas sample exert if it
were placed in a 500. mL container at 25oC?
2. What would the volume of a gas be at STP
if it was found to occupy a volume of 255
mL at 25oC and 650 torr?
3. What volume will 25.0 g of oxygen occupy
at 20.oC and a pressure of 0.880 atm?

72

Practice Problems
4. If 2.5 L of hydrogen at STP is reacted with
chlorine, how many liters of hydrogen
chloride will be produced at 25oC and 1.25
atm?
5. If 45 mL of hydrogen at 25oC and 1.25 atm
is reacted with oxygen, how many liters of
water will be produced at STP?
6. If 45 mL of oxygen at 25oC and 1.25 atm is
reacted with nitrogen oxide, how many
grams of nitrogen dioxide will be
produced?

73

Practice Problems
7. At 29 oC and 745 mm, 325 mL of oxygen
are collected by water displacement. What
would be the volume of dry oxygen at STP?
8. The rate of effusion of an unknown gas
was determined to be 2.92 times greater
than that of ammonia. What is the
molecular mass of the unknown gas?
9. A sample of an unknown gas weighing
7.10 g at 741 torr and 44oC occupies a
volume of 5.40 L. What is the molar mass
of the gas?

Practice Problems

74

For problems 10-12

2 NO + O2 --> 2 NO2
10. How many liters of NO2 at 25oC and 1.0 atm
can be produced from 24 g of oxygen?
11. How many liters of NO2 at 20.oC and 1.4 atm
can be produced from 6 L of oxygen at STP?
12. How many liters of NO2 at 25oC and 600. mm
can be produced from 1.86 L of NO at 50.oC
and 720. mm?

75

Practice Problems
13. 2.5 L of a gas at 1.4 atm is changed to
2.1 atm. What is the new volume?
14. 500 mL of nitrogen at 720 torr is
compressed to 125 mL. What is the new
pressure?
15. 12.5 L of nitrous oxide at 25oC is
compressed to 2900 mL. What is the new
temperature in oC?
16. A sample of carbon monoxide at 640 torr
and 30.oC is heated to 90.oC. What is the
new pressure in atm?

76

Practice Problems
17. A 1.25 L expandable container of
hydrogen at 25oC and 4.5 atm is changed to
75oC and 3.6 atm. What is the new volume?
18. A balloon containing 45 mL of carbon
dioxide at 40oC and 140 torr is heated to
60.oC and the pressure becomes 1.00 atm.
What is the new volume?
19. At 25oC and 600. torr a 1.2 L balloon of
oxygen is changed to 1500 mL and 1.4 atm.
What is the new temperature in oC?

77

Practice Problems Answers

1. 375 torr
3. 21.3 L
5. .052 L
7. 276 mL
9. 35.1 g/mole
11. 9 L
13. 1.7 L
15. -204 oC
17. 1.8 L
19. 390 oC

2. 2.0 x 102 mL
4. 4.4 L
6. .21 g
8. 1.99 g/mole
10. 37 L
12. 2.06 L
14. 3000 torr
16. 1.0 atm
18. 8.8 mL

Sample Problems
1. The pressure of 500. mL of a gas at
2.00 atm is increased to 4.00 atm.
What is the new volume?
P1V1 = P2V2

V2 =

P1V1
P2

(2.00 atm)(500. mL)

4.00 atm

V2 = 250. mL

78

79

Sample Problems
2. 355 L of a gas at 850 torr is expanded to
652 L. What is the new pressure in atm?
P1V1 = P2V2

P2 =

P1V1

V2
P2 =

(855 torr)(355 L) 1 atm

652 L
0.61 atm

760 torr

Sample Problems
1. The temperature of 462 mL of hydrogen at
45oC is decreased to 25oC. Calculate the
new volume.
V1
V2
=
T1
T2
V2 =

T2V1

T1
V2 =

(298 K)(462 mL)

318 K
433 mL

80

Sample Problems

81

2. Calculate the temperature in oC of 25.6 mL of

oxygen at 148 K if the volume is changed to
1.42 L.
V1
V2
=
T1
T2
T2 =

T1V2

V1

T2 = 8210 K =

(148 K)(1.42 L)
0.0256 L
7940 oC

P and T Law
As temperature increases, pressure
increases, at constant V and n.
If the Kelvin scale is used, P T.

P = CdT

or

P1 P 2

T1 T2

82

Sample Problems
1. A sample of nitrogen at 1.45 atm and 25oC
is compressed to a pressure of 2.14 atm,
what is the new temperature in oC?
P1
T1
T2 =

T1P2

P1

T2 = 440. K =

P2
T2
(298 K)(2.14 atm)
1.45 atm
167 oC

83

84

Sample Problems
2. A sample of helium at 145 K and 0.780 atm.
is cooled to 125 K, what is the new
pressure in mm?
P1
P2
=
T1
T2
P2 =

T2P1

T1
P2 =

(125 K)(0.780 atm) 760 mm

145 K
511 mm

1 atm

85

THE
THE COMBINED
COMBINED GAS
GAS LAW
LAW
Combining the previous gas laws, produces
the Combined Gas Law.

P1 V1
P2 V2
----------- = -----------n1 T1
n2 T2

Sample Problems

86

1. A 25.6 L sample of gas at 25oC and 1.0 atm is

changed to 125oC and 0.50 atm.
Calculate the new volume.
P1V1
T1
V2 =

P1V1T2

T1P2
V2 =

P2V2
T2
(1.0 atm)(25.6 L)(398 K)
(298 K)(0.50 atm)
68 L

87

Sample Problems
2. Calculate the new pressure in atm if 25 L of
hydrogen at 35oC and 742 torr is compressed
to 1200 mL at 45oC.
P1V1
T1
P2 =

P1V1T2
T1V2

P2V2

T2

(742 torr)(25 L)(318 K) 1 atm

(308 K)(1.2 L)
P2 =

21 atm

760 torr

88

THE
THE IDEAL
IDEAL GAS
GAS LAW
LAW
Combining the previous gas laws,
produces the Ideal Gas Law.

PV = nRT
where R = 0.0821 L atm/K mol

Sample Problems

89

1. Calculate the pressure of 4.4 mole of oxygen

contained in a 42.8 L sample at 25oC?

PV = nRT
P=

nRT
V

(4.4 mol)(0.0821 L atm/mole K)(298 K)

42.8 L
P =

2.5 atm

Sample Problems

90

2. Calculate the volume of 2.14 moles of

neon at 35oC and 425 mm.

PV = nRT
V=

nRT
P

(2.14 mol)(0.0821 Latm/mol K)(308 K)

(425/760) atm
V =

96. 8 L

91

MOLAR
MOLAR VOLUME
VOLUME at
at STP
STP
One mole of gas occupies 22.4 L at STP,
and is called the standard molar volume
or the molar volume at standard
conditions (SC or STP).

92

Sample Problems
1. Calculate the volume of 12.0 g of fluorine
at STP?

12.0 g

Mole

22.4 L

38.0 g

mole

7.07 L

93

Sample Problems
2. What is the mass of 14,500 mL of
hydrogen at STP?

14.5 L

mole

2.0 g

22.4 L

mole

1.3 g

COMBINED
COMBINED vs.
vs. IDEAL
IDEAL
GAS
GAS LAW
LAW

94

A sample of 6.9 moles

of carbon monoxide
gas is present in a
container which has
a volume of 30.4 L.
What is the pressure
of the gas if the
temperature is 62oC?

The volume of a
sample of hydrogen
gas is 5.80 L
measured at 1.00 atm
and 25oC. What is
the pressure of the
gas if the volume is
changed to 9.65 L?

(6.2 atm)

(0.601 atm)

Gases and Stoichiometry

These problems are worked the
same as any stoichiometry
problem.
For example:
9.82 L of nitrogen at STP will
produce how many liters of
ammonia at STP?
3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3

95

96

1.
1. 9.82
9.82 LL of
of nitrogen
nitrogen at
at STP
STP will
will produce
produce
how
how many
many liters
liters of
of ammonia
ammonia at
at STP?
STP?

STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical equation.
3 H2 + N 2

--> 2 NH3

97

STEP 2
Write the given and requested
information below the equation.
3 H2 +

N2 -->
9.82 L

2 NH3
?L

98

STEP 3
Calculate using the information.
3 H2 +

N2 -->
9.82 L

9.82 L N2 mole N2
22.4 L N2

2 NH3
?L

2 mole NH3 22.4 L NH3

mole N2

mole NH3

Or
9.82 L N2 2 L NH3
1 L N2

19.6 L NH3

2.
2. 9.82
9.82 LL of
of nitrogen
nitrogen at
at 00 C
C and
and 2.0
2.0 atm
atm
will
will produce
produce how
how many
many liters
liters of
of
oo
ammonia
at
0
ammonia at 0 C
C and
and 2.0
2.0 atm?
atm?
oo

3 H2 +

N2 -->
9.82 L

2 NH3
?L

273 K, 2.0 atm 273 K, 2.0 atm

9.82 L N2 mole N2

Or

? L N2

9.82 L N2 2 L NH3
1 L N2

2 mole NH3
mole N2
=

? L NH3
mole NH3

19.6 L NH3

99

3.
3. 9.82
9.82 LL of
of nitrogen
nitrogen at
at 00 C
C and
and 2.0
2.0 atm
atm
will
will produce
produce how
how many
many liters
liters of
of
oo
ammonia
at
25
ammonia at 25 C
C and
and 1.0
1.0 atm?
atm?
oo

3 H2 +

N2 --> 2 NH3
9.82 L
273 K, 2.0 atm 298 K, 1.0 atm

9.82 L N2 2 L NH3
1 L N2

?L

19.6 L NH3
at 273 K, 2.0 atm

Using the Combined Gas Law = 43 L NH3

at 298 K, 1.0
atm

100

101

4.
4. 9.82
9.82 LL of
of nitrogen
nitrogen at
at 00 C
C and
and 1.0
1.0 atm
atm
will
will produce
produce how
how many
many grams
grams of
of
ammonia?
ammonia?
oo

3 H2 +

N2 -->
9.82 L

2 NH3
?g

273 K, 1.0 atm

9.82 L N2 1 mole N2

2 mole NH3 17.0 g NH3

22.4 L N2 1 mole N2
= 14.9 g NH3

mole NH3

5.
5. 34.0
34.0 gg of
of nitrogen
nitrogen will
will produce
produce how
how
oo
many
liters
of
ammonia
at
25
many liters of ammonia at 25 C
C and
and
2.0
2.0 atm?
atm?
3 H2 +

N2 -->
34.0 g

102

2 NH3
?L

298 K, 2.0 atm

34.0 g N2 1 mole N2
28.0 N2

2 mole NH3
1 mole N2

= 2.43 mole NH3

Using the Ideal Gas Law = 29.7 L NH3

at 298 K, 2.0
atm

Sample Problems

103

1. A mixture of 2.50 moles neon,

1.45 moles helium, and 2.80 moles
argon has a pressure of 1.45 atm.
What is the partial pressure of neon?

PNe =

2.50 mole Ne
6.75 mole total

X 1.45 atm = 0.537 atm

Sample Problems

104

2. If 425 mL of hydrogen is collected over

water at 25oC and 755.0 torr, calculate
the volume of dry hydrogen at STP.
wet H2

dry H2 at STP

V=

425 mL

? mL

T=

298 K

273 K

P=

731.2 torr*

(P = 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

760 torr

2.

Sample Problems
wet H2

dry H2 at STP

V=

425 mL

? mL

T=

298 K

273 K

P=

731.2 torr*

760 torr

(P = 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

Using the Combined Gas Law = 375 mL H2

105

Sample Problems
1. Determine the density of carbon dioxide
at 375 K and 5.0 atm.

d=

(5.0 atm)(44.0 g/mole)

(0.0821 L atm/mole K)(375 K)
= 7.1 g/L

106