Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Shapes and Dipoles

    Uploaded by

    Iwan Syahputra
    3 views18 pages
    1. Methane has a tetrahedral geometry with each hydrogen atom bonded to the central carbon atom at an angle of 109.5 degrees. This geometry allows for maximum separation of the electron pairs around the central atom. 2. Water and ammonia both have a bent geometry, but the electron pairs around the oxygen/nitrogen atom are in a tetrahedral arrangement. Boron trifluoride has a trigonal planar geometry with fluoride atoms at 120 degree angles, again allowing for maximum separation of electron pairs. 3. Molecular shape determines whether individual bond dipoles cancel out, resulting in no overall dipole moment, or whether they contribute to an overall dipole moment. For example, carbon dioxide's linear shape means

    Original Description:

    Shapes and Dipoles

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    1. Methane has a tetrahedral geometry with each hydrogen atom bonded to the central carbon atom at an angle of 109.5 degrees. This geometry allows for maximum separation of the electron pairs around the central atom. 2. Water and ammonia both have a bent geometry, but the electron pairs around the oxygen/nitrogen atom are in a tetrahedral arrangement. Boron trifluoride has a trigonal planar geometry with fluoride atoms at 120 degree angles, again allowing for maximum separation of electron pairs. 3. Molecular shape determines whether individual bond dipoles cancel out, resulting in no overall dipole moment, or whether they contribute to an overall dipole moment. For example, carbon dioxide's linear shape means

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    3 views18 pages

    Shapes and Dipoles

    Uploaded by

    Iwan Syahputra
    1. Methane has a tetrahedral geometry with each hydrogen atom bonded to the central carbon atom at an angle of 109.5 degrees. This geometry allows for maximum separation of the electron pairs around the central atom. 2. Water and ammonia both have a bent geometry, but the electron pairs around the oxygen/nitrogen atom are in a tetrahedral arrangement. Boron trifluoride has a trigonal planar geometry with fluoride atoms at 120 degree angles, again allowing for maximum separation of electron pairs. 3. Molecular shape determines whether individual bond dipoles cancel out, resulting in no overall dipole moment, or whether they contribute to an overall dipole moment. For example, carbon dioxide's linear shape means

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 18

    1.

    10
    The Shapes of Some
    Simple Molecules

    Methane
    Methane
    tetrahedral geometry
    HCH angle = 109.5

    Methane
    Methane
    tetrahedral geometry
    each HCH angle = 109.5

    Valence
    ValenceShell
    ShellElectron
    ElectronPair
    PairRepulsions
    Repulsions

    The most stable arrangement of groups


    attached to a central atom is the one that has
    the maximum separation of electron pairs
    (bonded or nonbonded).

    Figure
    Figure1.9
    1.9
    (a)
    (a) Water
    Water
    bent geometry
    HOH angle = 105

    H
    O

    ..
    but notice the tetrahedral arrangement
    of electron pairs

    Figure
    Figure1.9
    1.9(b)
    (b)
    Ammonia
    Ammonia
    trigonal pyramidal geometry
    HNH angle = 107

    H
    N

    H
    but notice the tetrahedral arrangement
    of electron pairs

    Figure
    Figure1.10
    1.10
    Boron
    Borontrifluoride
    trifluoride
    FBF angle = 120
    trigonal planar geometry
    allows for maximum separation
    of three electron pairs

    Multiple
    MultipleBonds
    Bonds
    Four-electron double bonds and six-electron
    triple bonds are considered to be similar to a
    two-electron single bond in terms of their spatial
    requirements.

    Figure
    Figure1.11
    1.11
    Formaldehyde
    Formaldehyde
    HCH and HCO
    angles are close to 120
    trigonal planar geometry

    H
    C

    Figure
    Figure1.12
    1.12
    Carbon
    Carbondioxide
    dioxide
    OCO angle = 180
    linear geometry

    1.11
    Molecular Dipole Moments

    Dipole
    DipoleMoment
    Moment
    A substance possesses a dipole moment
    if its centers of positive and negative charge
    do not coincide.
    =exd
    (expressed in Debye units)

    not polar

    Dipole
    DipoleMoment
    Moment
    A substance possesses a dipole moment
    if its centers of positive and negative charge
    do not coincide.
    =exd
    (expressed in Debye units)

    +
    polar

    Molecular
    MolecularDipole
    DipoleMoments
    Moments
    -

    molecule must have polar bonds


    necessary, but not sufficient
    need to know molecular shape
    because individual bond dipoles can cancel

    Molecular
    MolecularDipole
    DipoleMoments
    Moments

    Carbon dioxide has no dipole moment; = 0 D

    Figure
    Figure1.13
    1.13

    Carbon tetrachloride

    =0D

    Dichloromethane

    = 1.62 D

    Figure
    Figure1.13
    1.13

    Resultant of these
    two bond dipoles is

    Resultant of these
    two bond dipoles is

    =0D
    Carbon tetrachloride has no dipole
    moment because all of the individual
    bond dipoles cancel.

    Figure
    Figure1.13
    1.13

    Resultant of these
    two bond dipoles is

    Resultant of these
    two bond dipoles is

    = 1.62 D
    The individual bond dipoles do not
    cancel in dichloromethane; it has
    a dipole moment.

    You might also like