RANDOM SYSTEM

GROUP 5

MEMBERS
MUTIARA
SUNNY
MARIA

EFENDI

140310110016

INEZA PUTRI

140310110017

OKTAFIANI

140310110018

DADAN

SUHENDAR

140310110019

RHESTI

NURLINA

140310110020

DIFFUSION

Diffusion is the physical process of matter spreading from a region of

higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Example: the spreading of cream in a cup of coffee

In more general terms, diffusion may refer not only to the movement of
matter but also of heat

Atoms and molecules are constantly in motion. Each atom or molecule

undergoes many collisions with others in the gas or liquid in a very
short period of time. Because of this, the atom or molecule appears to
move in a somewhat random fashion. This motion is often referred to
as a random walk

DIFFUSION

The average distance that an atom or molecule travels between

collisions is called its mean free path

The mean free path depends upon the size of the atom or molecule

As a molecule undergoes this seemingly random motion, induced by

collisions with other molecules, it migrates through the solution

The diffusion of molecules throughout a solution is in accord with the

Second Law of Thermodynamics that states that the entropy
change for a closed system must be positive (tending toward more
randomness)

DIFFUSION

The rate at which the molecules spread out is proportional to the

difference in the concentration gradient (or curvature),
Diffusion Rate = D Concentration Curvature
is known as Ficks Second Law of Diffusion

The proportionality constant D is called the Diffusion Coefficient

More specifically, Ficks Second Law has the form

where c is the concentration, t is time, and x is the direction of the
concentration gradient

DIFFUSION

The diffusion coefficient D has units of m2s 1 and provides a measure of

the number of molecules moving through a particular cross sectional
area per unit of time

Experimental measurements of typical diffusion coefficients in water at

300 K yield values in the range of 10 9 m2s 1

The diffusion coefficient is related to the mean free path that a

molecule travels via the Einstein-Smoluchowski equation
where is the mean free path and is the average time between
collisions

DIFFUSION

The
time between collisions can be expressed as

where vave is the average speed

Substituting this relation into the Einstein-Smoluchowski equation

gives

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow. A liquid such

as water that flows easily has a relatively low viscosity, while a liquid
such as syrup that is very thick and flows more slowly has a high
viscosity

DIFFUSION

The
relation between viscosity and the diffusion coefficient is given by
the Einstein-Stokes equation
where k is the Boltzmann constant, is the viscosity, T is
temperature, and r is the radius of the molecule

The units of viscosity are Poise (P), where 1 P = 0.1 kg m 1s 1

Typical viscosities are in the range of 10 4 P for gases and 10 2 P for

liquids

RANDOM WALKS: THE STATISTICAL

MODEL OF DIFFUSION

Random numbers can be used in simulations of deterministic processes

involving many (1023) particles

Processes such as diffusion, in which a single particle moves through a

solution containing a huge number of other particles, can be modeled

The effects of the other particles in the solution upon the particle of
interest can be modeled by assuming random motion

RANDOM WALKS IN ONE & TWO

DIMENSION

Two simulations illustrating the onedimensional random walk are shown

in Figure 1. Each simulation was
carried out for 1000 steps

Figure 1. Random walk in one

dimension (two different trials)

RANDOM WALKS IN ONE & TWO

DIMENSION

The diffusional motion of a random

walk simulation can be observed by
calculating the average squared
distance from the origin, <x2>. To do
this, many individual random walk
simulations are carried out, and the
average is taken over many
individual random walkers. Results
for <x2> versus time for a random
walk in one dimension are shown in
Figure 2 Figure 2. Results for <x2> versus
time for
random walk in one dimension

RANDOM WALKS IN ONE & TWO

DIMENSION

The results presented in Figure 2 illustrate that diffusional behavior is

observed. That is, the system follows the equation <x 2> Dt, where D
is the diffusion coefficient and t is time (proportional to the number of
steps)

For a simulation in two dimensions, at each step two random numbers

are selected (one for the x direction and one for the y direction)

The random numbers are in the range [1, 1] and indicate the x and y
distances that the particle moves

RANDOM WALKS IN ONE & TWO

DIMENSION

The first 100 steps of a sample

simulation in two dimensions are
shown in Figure 3

Figure 3. Random walk in 2-dimensions (first 100

steps). The x and y distances stepped are random
numbers in the interval [1, 1]

When this is plotted as a function of time, as shown in

Figure 4, diffusional behavior in two dimensions is
observed

Figure 4. Results for <r2> versus time for random walk in three
dimensions

DIFFUSION OF CREAM IN COFFEE MODEL

To carry out example simulations of diffusion of many particles, for

example, a drop of cream in a cup of coffee, similar random walk
techniques may be employed

As an illustration, consider 400 cream molecules initially constrained

to a 2020 grid initially centered at the origin at as shown in Figure 5a

Each cream molecule is allowed to undergo a random walk

Figures 5b-5d show the behavior of the cream as time increases

As time increases, Figure 5 clearly shows the diffusional spread of

cream throughout the coffee

DIFFUSION OF CREAM IN COFFEE MODEL