ELEMENTS/ELEMEN

Elasticity of Demand and Supply

Price Elasticity of Demand
Degrees of Price Elasticity of Demand
Relationship Between Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Revenue
Determinants of Price Elasticity of
Other Forms of Elasticity of Demand
Defnition of Price Elasticity of Supply
Price Elasticity of Supply Formula
Degrees of Price Elasticity of Supply
Determinants of Price Elasticity of

Konsep keanjalan permintaan dan penawaran.

Definisi keanjalan permintaan harga
Formula untuk mencari nilai keanjalan permintaan harga
Jenis darjah keanjalan permintaan harga
Hubungan antara keanjalan permintaan harga dengan jumlah hasil
Faktor yang mempengaruhi keanjalan permintaan harga
Bentuk keanjalan permintaan lain
Definisi keanjalan penawaran harga
Formula untuk mencari nilai keanjalan penawaran harga
Jenis darjah keanjalan penawaran harga
Faktor yang mempengaruhi keanjalan penawaran

4.1 ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Can be difined as the rate of the quantity demanded or

quantity suppplied due to a change in the variable

A variable is a factor or determinant that affects the
quantity demand or quantity supplied,consumers income,
or other goods, with the assumption of ceteris paribus.

Konsep Keanjalan Permintaan dan

Permintaan

Keanjalan boleh didefinisikan sebagai kadar perubahan yang

akan
berlaku terhadap kuantiti diminta atau kuantiti ditawar akibat
perubahan sesuatu pemboleh ubah.
Pemboleh ubah merupakan faktor atau penentu yang
mempengaruhi
kuantiti diminta dan kuantiti ditawarkan seperti harga barang
itu

4.2 Definition of Price Elasticity of

Demand
Price elasticity of demand is a measure of the esponsivenss

of the quantity demand for a goo to a change in its

price,with the assumption of ceteris paribus

Definisi Keanjalan Permintaan

Harga

Keanjalan permintaan harga mengukur darjah tindak balas

perubahan
kuantiti sesuatu barang diminta akibat perubahan kuantiti
barang
diminta akibat perubahan harga barang tersebut dengan
andaian ceteris

4.3 Price Elasticity Of Demand Formula

Ed = percentage change in quantity demand/percentage change price

= % Qd % P
= [(Q1 Q0) Q0 X 100 ] [(P 1 P0 X 100]
Ed = ( Q P) X (P0 Q0)
Where
Q0 = Original quantity demanded
Q1 = New quantity demand
Q = Change in quantity demanded
P0 = Original price
P1 = New price
P = Change in price

Formula untuk mengira nilai keanjalan permintaan harga

Ed = peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta/peratusan perubahan harga
= % Qd % P
= [(Q1 Q0) Q0 X 100 ] [(P 1 P0 X 100]
Ed = ( Q P) X (P0 Q0)
Dimana:
Q0 = kuantiti diminta asal
Q1 = kuantiti diminta baru
Q = perubahan kuantiti diminta
P0 = harga asal
P1 = harga baru
P = perubahan harga

The value of price elasticity of demand is always

negative. This is due to the negative slope of the
demand curve and the inverse relationship
between price and quality demanded. Example
The

table below show

demanded of good X.

the

price

and

quantity

Nilai keanjalan permintaan harga adalah sentiasa negatif. Ini

disebabkan bentuk keluk permintaan yang bercerun negatif dan
hubungan songsang antara harga dengan kuantiti diminta.
Contoh:
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan tingkat harga dan kuantiti diminta X

Price per
unit/Harga seunit
(RM)

Quantity
demanded/Kuantiti
diminta (units)

10

20

30

40

50

60

POINT ELASTICITY
Point elasticity is a measure of there responsiveness of a change in quantity demanded of good

when there is an extremely small change in its price.

This situation represents a single point on the demand curve.
Three formulae of point X Figure 4.1:
(a) Ed = OQ1 - OQ
OQ O
answer:( Ed = 1)
(b) Ed = OP1 OP
OP O
(c) Ed = P1 Q1 - P1 X
P1 Q1 - Q1 X

KEANJALAN TITIK
Keanjalan titik mengukur kadar perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu barang apabila berlaku

perubahan harga yang sangat kecil terhadap barang tersebut sehingga tidak menampakkan
kewujudan dua titik di atas satu keluk permintaan yang sama.
Keadaan ini menyebabkan hanya wujud satu titik sahaja di atas keluk permintaan tersebut.
Tiga rumus mencari titik X rajah 4.1:
(a) Ed = OQ1 - OQ
OQ O
jawapan:( Ed = 1)
(b) Ed = OP1 OP
OP O
(c) Ed = P1 Q1 - P1 X
P1 Q1 - Q1 X

 The value of elasticity for points along demand curve P1 Q1 are different
At a price higher than OP, the value of elasticity is more than one but less than infinity. At

the price of OP , the value of elasticity is one. At a price of less than OP, the value of
elasticity is less than one but more than zero.
Different points at a certain price level on separate parallel parallel linear demand curve will
have different value of elasticity. The value point elasticity become smaller or more inelastic
further to the right of the curve. Look figure 4.3.
The elasticity at point A and B on the demand curve DD and D1 D1 respectively can be
calculated as :

Nilai keanjalan bagi titik-titik sepanajang keluk permintaan P1 Q1 adalah berbeza-beza.

Pada tingkat harga melebihi OP nilai keanjalan adalah lebih daripada satu tetapi

kurang daripada infiniti.Pada tingkat harga OP, nilai keanjalan adalah satu.Pada
tingkat harga adalah kurang daripada OP,nilai keanjalan adalah kurang daripada
satu tetapi lebih daripada kosong.
Nilai keanjalan bagi setiap titik juga berbeza pada tingkat harga satu tertentu
jika titik-titik tersebut berada pada keluk permintaan yang bverlainan tetapi
bersifat linear dan mempunyai kecerunan yang sama.Nilai keanjalan akan
menjadi semakin kecil atau tidak anjal apabila kedudukan keluk permintaan
terletak semakin jauh dari titik asalan.Lihat Rajah 4.3.
Nilai keanjalan titik-titik A dan B pada keluk permintaan DD dan D1D1 masingmasing boleh dikira seperti berikut:

(a) for point A, Ed = 16 8

Ed bagi titik A 8 0
= 8
8
= 1

(b) for point B, Ed = 24 16

Ed bagi titik B = 16 0
=8
6
=0.5

Price/harga (RM)
P1
Price/harga (RM)

x
P
Quantity/kuantiti (units)
0
Q
Q1
Figure 4.1 Point elasticity on a demand curve
Rajah 4.1 Keanjalan titik pada keluk permintaan yang sama

D1

D
A

16

24

Quantity/kuantiti(units)
Figure 4.3 Elasticity of points on differrent
demand curve
Rajah 4.3 Keanjalan titik pada keluk
permintaan yang berlainan

 Arc elasticity
1. Arc elasticity is a measure of two separate points on

the same demand curve.

2. Arc elasticity is used to measure the rate of change
in quantity demanded on the same demand curve
when there is a change in price, but two different
values of price elasticity of demand.

Keanjalan Lengkuk

1. Keanjalan lengkuk digunakan untuk mengukur dua titik

yang berasingan pada
keluk permintaan yang sama.
2. Keanjalan lengkuk digunakan untuk mengukur kadar
perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu barang apabila berlaku
perubahan harga di atas satu keluk permintaan yang sama
tetapi mempunyai nilai keanjalan permintaan harga yang
berbeza.

E:g
The quality demanded of ginseng is reduced from 100g to 60g when
the price of ginseng increases from RM8 per gram to RM12 per gram .
Calculate the price elasticity of demand for ginseng.
Contoh:
Kuantiti diminta ginseng berkurangan daripada 100 g kepada 60 g apabila
harga ginseng naik dari RM8 segram ke RM12 segram.
Kira nilai keanjalan permintaan bagi ginseng tersebut.
Solution/Penyelesaian
Ed = Q/P X Pa/Qa
= (60 100 )/ (12 -8) x 8/100
= (-40 )/4 x 8/100
= - (4/5)
= -0.8

Price/Harga(RM)

D
4

A
B

0
10
Quantiti/kuantiti
(unit)

18

 4.4 Degrees of Price of Demand

There are five degrees of price elasticity of demand:

1.Perfectly inelastic
2.Inelastic
3.Unitary elastic
4.Elastic
5.Perfectly elastic

Jenis Darjah Keanjalan Permintaan Harga

Terdapat lima jenis darjah keanjalan permintaan harga seperti
berikut:
1.Tak anjal sempurna
2.Tak anjal
3.Anjal uniti
4.Anjal
5.Anjal sempurna

Perfectly inelastic demand curve (Ed=0)

1 A demand curve is said to be perfectly inelastic if it fulfils the
following conditions:
(a) The quantity demand (Q) is constant (%Q = 0)
(b) The value of price elasticity of demand equals zero.
(c) The demand curve is parallel to the Y axis (price axis), i.e.
vertical.

Keluk Permintaan Tak Anjal sempurna(Ed=0)

1

Satu keluk permintaan dikatakan tak anjal sempurna jika ia memenuhi

syarat berikut:
(a)Kuantiti diminta (Q) adalah tetap (%Q = 0).
(b)Nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bersamaan sifar.
(c)Keluk permintaan selari dengan paksi Y(paksi harga),iaitu bersifat
menegak.

 Perfectly inelastic demand curve (E d=0)

Keluk Permintaan Tak Anjal Sempurna

price/harga(RM)
D

P2
P0
P1
Quantity/Kuantiti(Unit)
0
Q0
Figure 4.5 perfectly inelastic demand curve
Rajah 4.5 keluk permintaan tak anjal sempurna

 Example:

When the price of good X is RM500,the quantity demanded is 300

units.An increase of RM100 in price to RM600 does not change
the quantity demanded of X.
Calculate the price of demand for good X.
Solution
Ed=Q/PxPa/Qa
= (300-300)/(600-500)x500/300
= 0/100x 500/300
=0

Contoh:
Apabila harga barang X ialah RM500,kuantiti diminta barang X ialah 300
unit.Kenaikan harga sebanyak RM100 kepada RM600 tidak mengubah
kuantiti diminta barang X.
Tentukan nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bagi barang X.
Penyelesaian
Ed=Q/PxPa/Qa
= (300-300)/(600-500)x500/300
= 0/100x 500/300
=0
.

 summary

The demand curve is said to be perfectly inelastic

when Ed = 0.This means that any change in price will
not affect will not affect the quantity demanded of
the good.

Kesimpulan

Keluk permintaan dikatakan tak anjal sempurna apabila

Ed=0.Ini bermakna kuantiti diminta sesuatu barang tidak
akan berubah walaupun harga barang tersebut berubah

Inelastic demand curve

1.

A demand curve is said to be inelastic if its fulfils the following conditions:

(a) The percentage change in price is greter than the percentage change in quantity demanded (%P > %Q)
(b) The value of price elasticity of demand is less than one but greater than zero.
D
(c) The demand curve has a steep slope.

Keluk Permintaan Tak Anjal(0<Ed<1)

1.

Satu keluk permintaan dikatakan tak anjal jika ia memenuhi syarat berikut:
a)Peratusan perubahan harga adalah lebih besar daripada peratusan
perubahan kuantiti diminta (%P > %Q).
b)Nilai keanjalan permintaan harga adalah kurang daripada satu tetapi lebih
daripada kosong.
c)Keluk permintaan adalah curam

Quantity(units)
Figure 4.6 An inelastic demanded curve

 Example:

When the price of good Xincrease from RM500 to

RM600, the quantity calculate the price elasticicty of
demand for good X.
Solution
Ed=Q/PxPa/Qa
=(280-300)/(600-500) x 500/300
= (-20)/100 x 500/300
= -0.33

Contoh

Apabila harga barang dari RM500 ke RM600,kuantiti diminta

barang X berkurangan daripada 300 unit kepada 280 unit.
Tentukan nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bagi barang X.
Penyelesaian
Ed=Q/PxPa/Qa
=(280-300)/(600-500) x 500/300
= (-20)/100 x 500/300
= -0.33

 summary

The demand curve is said to be inelastic when

0<Ed<1. This means that the percentage change in
quantity demand is smaller than the percentage
change in the price of the good.

Kesimpulan

Keluk permintaan dikatakan tak anjal apabila 0<Ed<1.Ini

bermakna peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu
barang adalah lebih kecil daripada peratusan perubahan
harga barang tersebut.

Unitary elastic demand curve/keluk permintaan anjal uniti(Ed-1)

Price/harga (RM)
D
P1
3%
P0
D

Quantity/kuantiti(units)
0

Q1

Q0

Figure 4.7 unitary elastic demand curve

Rajah 4.7 keluk permintaan anjal uniti

price/harga (RM)
D

P1

P0

Q1

Q0

Quantity/kuantit(units)
Figure 4.8 A perfect hyperbolic demand
curve
Rajah 4.8 keluk permintaan berbentuk
hiperbola tepat

 Example

When the price of good X increase from RM500 to RM505,

the quantity demanded decreases from 300 units to 297
units.
Solution
Ed=Q/P x Pa/Qa
=(297-300)/(505-500) x 500/300
= (-3)/5 x 500/300
= -1

Contoh

Apabila harga barang X naik dari RM500 ke RM505,kuantiti diminta

barang X berkurangan daripada 300 unit kepada 297 unit.
Tentukan nilai keanjalan permintaan harga barang X.
Penyelesaian
Ed=Q/P x Pa/Qa
=(297-300)/(505-500) x 500/300
= (-3)/5 x 500/300
= -1
.

Summary
A demand curve is said to be unit elastic when Ed =
1. This means that the percentage in quantity
demanded is equal to the percentage change in the
price of the good.

Kesimpulan

Keluk permintaan dikatakan anjal uniti apabila Ed=1.Ini

bermakna peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu
barang adalah sama dengan peratusan perubahan harga
barang tersebut

Elastic demand curve

Keluk permintaan anjal
Price/harga(RM)
P1

P0

Perfectly Elastic Demand Curve

Keluk permintaan anjal sempurna

Quantity/kuantiti
0

Q1

Q0

(units)
Figure 4.9 An elastic demand
curve
Rajah 4.9 keluk permintaan anjal
Price/harga (RM)

P0
D

0
Q1
Q0 Q2
Figure 4.10 A perfectly elastic demand curve
Rajah 4.10 keluk permintaan anjal sempurna

Quantity/kuantiti(units)

 Example

When the price of good X increase from RM500 to RM 520,

the quantity demanded decrease from 300 units to 240 units.
Calculate the price elasticity of demand of good X.
Solution
Ed=Q/P x Pa/Qa
=(240-300)/(520-500) x 500/300
= (-60)/20x 500/300
= -5

Contoh

Apabila harga barang X naik dari RM500 ke RM520,Kuantiti diminta

barang X berkurangan daripada 300 unit kepada 240 unit.
Tentukan nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bagi barang
Penyelesaian
Ed=Q/P x Pa/Qa
=(240-300)/(520-500) x 500/300
= (-60)/20x 500/300
= -5

 Summary

A demand curve is said to be elastic when 1 < Ed <.

This means that percentage change in quantity
demanded of a good is larger than the percentage
change in the price of the good

Kesimpulan

Keluk permintaan dikatakan anjal apabila 1 < Ed <.Ini

bermakna peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu
barang adalah lebih besar daripada peratusan perubahan
harga barang tersebut.

Degree of
elasticity/darja
h keanjalan

Value of
elasticity/nilai
keanjalan

Perfectly
inelastic/anja
l

Es = 0

Demand curve
shape/bentuk keluk penawaran

Explanation/keteranagn

A change in the price of the good

will not cause a change in the
quantity demanded. The demand
curve is vertical and parallel to
the price axis.
Example of good with this type of
demandare assential good such
as rice
Peratusan perubahan kuantiti
sesuatu barang ditawarkan adalah
lebih besar daripada peratusan
perubahan harga barang
tersebut.Keluk penawarannya adalah
landai.

Inelastic/tida
k anjal

1 < Es
<

The percentage change in the

quantity demanded of a good is
smaller than the ntage change in the
price. The demand curve is steep.
perce
Examples of goods with this type of
demand are inferior good of giffen
goods.
Peratusan perubahan kuantiti
sesuatu barang ditawarkan adalah
kurang daripada peratusan

elasticity/darjah
shape/bentuk
keanjalan
elasticit keluk penawaran
y/nilai
keanjala
n
Unitary elastic/
anjal satu

Es = 1

The percentage change in the

quantity demanded of a good is
equal to the percentage change in
the price. The demand curve is
hyperbolic in shape.
Examples of goods with this type of
demand are normal goods.
Peratusan perubahan kuantiti
sesuatu barang ditawarkan adalah
sama dengan peratusan perubahan
harga tersebut.Keluk penawaran
bermula dari titik asalan.

Elastic/
anjal sempurna

1 <Es

The percentage change in the

quantity demanded of the good is
greather than the percentage change
in the price. The demand curve has a
gentle slope.
Example of goods with this type of
demand are status symbol goods or
goods that have many subtitutes.

<

Kenaikan harga sesuatu barang akan

menyebabkan pertambahan kuantiti

Degree Value of
of
elasticity/nil
elasticit ai keanjalan
y/darjah
keanjala
n
Perfectly
elastic/ti
dak anjal
sempurn
a

Es =

Demand
curve
shape/bentuk
keluk
penawaran

Explanation/keterangan

At a fixes price lavel, consumers will

purchase this good in the market, but
this good will not be demanded when
the price is hingher than the
aforementioned fixes price.The
demand curve is horizontal and
parallel to the quantity axis.
Perubahan harga sesuatu barang
tidak akan menyebabkan perubahan
kuantiti ditawarkan.Keluk
penawarannya menegak dan selari
dengan paksi harga.

4.5 Relationship Between price Elasticity of Demand and total

revenue/hubungan antara keanjalan permintan harga dan
hasil(TR) = Price (P) x Quantity (Q)
Totaljumlah
revenue
Elastic Demand
Inelastic Demand
Unitary Elastic Demand
Perfectly Elastic Demand
Perfectly Inelastic Demand

price/harga

Jumlah hasil(TR) = harga(P) x kuantiti(Q)

Anjal
Tak Anjal

p
0

quantity/kuantiti

Anjal Uniti
Anjal sempurna
Tak Anjal sempurna

Q1

total revenue/jumlah hasil

TR
quantity/kuantiti

ELASTIC DEMAND
if demand for a good elastic, an increase in the price of the good will result in the decreased total

revenue, and vica versa. Look Figure 4.12 and Table 4.2.

Jika permintaan terhadap sesuatu barang adalah anjal, kenaikan harga barang tersebut akan

menyebabkan kejatuhan dalam jumlah hasil dan sebaliknya. Lihat Rajah 4.12 dan Jadual 4.2.

harga/price(RM)

D
P1

A
B

P0
C

Q1

Q0

Quantity/kuantiti(unit)

Change in
price
Perubahan
harga
-Increased
price from
Opo to OP1
-Harga naik
dari OPo ke
OP1

Total
Revenue

Rumusan
Jumlah
Hasil

OP1AQ1

-Decrease price
from
OP1 to OPo
-Harga jatuh dari
OP1
ke OPo

Summary

-Decrease total revenue

because OP1 AQ1 < OPo
BQo.
-Jumlah hasil
berkurangan kerana
OP1 AQ1 < OPo BQo
-Increase total revenue
because
OPoBQo > OP1AQ1

OPoBQo

-Jumlah hasil meningkat

kerana
OPoBQo > OP1AQ1

Example
The following figure shows the demand curve good X
The original price and quantity demanded for good X are RM 8 and 100 units respectively.when the price of
good X falls to RM 6,the quantity demanded will increase to 250 units
Calculate the price elasticity of demand for good X and the effect of the decreased price on total revenue.
Solution: Ed = Q/P x Pa/Qa
= (250-100)/(6-8)x8/100
= (150)/- 2x 8/100
= -6

Contoh:
rajah disebelah menunjukkan keluk permintaan bagi barang X.
harga asal dan kuantiti diminta asal barang X masing-masing ialah RM8 dan 100 unit . Apabila harga barang
X jatuh kepada RM6, kuantiti diminta barang X meningkat kepada 250 unit.
Tentukan nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bagi barang X dan kesan kejatuhan barang X terhadap jumlah hasil.
Penyelesaian: Ed = Q/P x Pa/Qa

price/harga(RM)

= (250-100)/(6-8)x8/100
= (150)/- 2x 8/100
= -6

quantity/kuantiti(unit)
100

250

INELASTIC DEMAND
If demand for a good is inelastic, an increase in the price of a good will result in increased total

revenue, and vice versa.The relationship between inelastic demand for a good and total
revenue is shown in Figure 4.13 and Table 4.3.
From Figure 4.13 the decrease in the price of the good from OP1 to Opo will cost the quantity
demanded to increase from OQ1 to OQo.
The decreased price will decrease the total revenue by PoP1AC, while the increased quantity
demanded will increase the total revenue by Q1CBQo. The decrease in total revenue is better
then the increase in total revenue. The overall effect is decreased total revenue. The reverse
will occur when the price of the good increase.

Jika permintaan terhadap sesuatu barang tidak anjal, kenaikan hargaga barang tersebut akan

menyebabkan pertanbahan dalam jumlah hasil dan sebaliknya. Hubungan antara permintaan
barang yang tidak anjal dengan jumlah hasil ditunjukkan oleh rajah 4.13 dan jadual 4.3
Berdasarkan rajah 4.13, kejatuhan harga barang dari OP1 ke OP0 menyebabkan kuantiti
diminta meningkat daripada OP1 kepada OQ0.
Kejatuhan harga barang telah mengurangkan jumlah hasil sebanyak P0 P1 AC sementara
peningkatan kuantiti diminta telah menambahkan jumlah hasil sebanyak Q1 CBQ0.
Pengurangan jumlah hasil adalah lebih besar daripada pertambahan jumlah hasil. Kesan
keseluruhan ialah jumlah hasil akan berkuraangan. Sebaliknya akan berlaku apabila harga
barang naik.

price/harga
(RM)
solution/penyelesaian:
Ed = Q/P x Pa/Qa
= (120100)/(6-8)x8/100
= (20)/-2x
8/100
= -0.8
8

0
100

120

quantity/kuantiti
(unit)

Change in price
Perubahan harga

Total
Revenue
Jumlah Hasil

Increased price from OP0 to

OP1
OP1 AQ1

Summary
Rumusan
Increased total revenue
because OP1
AQ1>OP0BQ0

Harga naik dari OP0 ke OP1

Jumlah hasil meningkat
sebab OP1
AQ1>OP0BQ0
Decreased price from OP1 to
OP0
OP0 BQ0

Decreased total
revenue because OP0
BQ0<OP1AQ1

Harga jatuh dari OP1 ke OP0

Jumlah hasil
berkurangan sebab
OP0 BQ0<OP1AQ1

Unitary Elastic Demand

1) If demand for a good is unitary elactic, any increase or decrease in price will

not affact total revenue. The relationship between unitary elastic demand for
a good and total revenue is shown in figure 4.14 and table 4.4
2) From figure 4,14, the decrease in price from OP1 to OP0 will cause the
quantity demanded to increase from OQ1 to OQ0.
3) The decrease price will decrease the total revenue by P0 P1 AC, while the
increased quantity demanded will increase the total revenue by Q1 CBQ0.
the effect is unchanged total revenue. The same will occur when the price of
the good increases.

Anjal Uniti/ Anjal Satu

1) Jika permintaan terhadap sesuatu barang adalah anjal uniti, kenaikan atau

kejatuhan harga barang tersebut tidak akan memberi kesan terhadap jumlah
hasil. Hubungan adalah permintaan barang yang anjal uniti dengan jumlah
hasil yang ditunjukkan oleh rajah 4.14 dan 4.4
2) Berdasarkan rajah 4.14, kejatuhan harga barang dari OP1 ke OP0
menyebabkan kuantiti diminta meningkat daripada OQ1 kepada OQ0.
3) Kejatuhan harga barang telah mengurangkan jumlah hasil sebanyak P0P1AC
sementara peningkatan kuantiti diminta telah menambahkan jumlah hasil
sebanyak Q1CBQ0. pertambahan jumlah hasil adalah sama besar dengan
pengurangan jumlah hasil. Kesan keseluruhan ialah jumlah hasil tidak
berubah. Keadaan yang sama berlaku apabila harga barang naik.

4.6 Determinats of Price Elasticiy of Demand

Availability of Substitutes
Proportion of expense from Income
Importance
Time Period
Consumer Habit : Even though a good may not not be assential,it may

have inelastic demand towards the price due to consumer habit of using
the good.
Branding : If consumer are loyal to the brand name of the
product,demand for product will be inelastic towards changes in the
price.

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keanjalan Permintaan Harga

Kewujudan barang pengganti
Peratusan atau peruntukan perbelanjaan daripada jumlah pendapatan
Bilangan kegunaan
Tahap Kepentingan
Jangka masa
Tabiat pengguna
Jenama

4.7 Other Forms of Elasticity of Demand

Income Elasticity of Demand
Definition : income elasticity of demand is a measure of the degree of

responsivess of change in the quantity demanded of a good due to a

change in consumers income.
Degrees of Income Elasticity of Demand
Cross Elasticity of Demand
Definition : cross elasticity of demand mesure the degree of
responsiveness of change in the price of a related good
Degrees of Cross Elasticity of Demand

Bentuk Keanjalan Permintaan Lain

Keanjalan Permintaan Pendapatan
Definisi:Keanjalan permintaan pendapatan (Ey)mengukur darjah tindak balas

perubahan kuantiti permintaan sesuatu barang akibat perubahan pendapatan

pengguna.
Darjah Keanjalan Permintaan Pendapatan.
Keanjalan Permintaan Silang
Definisi:Keanjalan permintaan silang (Exy) mengukur darjah tindak balas
perubahan kuantiti permintaan sesuatu barang akibat perubahan harga barang
lain.
Darjah Keanjalan Permintaan Silang.

4.8 Definition of Price Elasticity of Supply

1. Price elasticity of supply is a measure of the degree of responsivess of

change in the
quantity of a good due to change in its pricewith the assumption that all
other factors
are unchanged, ceteris paribus.
2. Price alasticity of supply is defined as the ratio of percentage change in
quantity supply
of good to percentage change in the price of the good.

Definisi Keanjalan Penawaran Harga(Es)

1.Keanjalan penawaran harga mengukur darjah tindak balas
perubahan kuantiti
sesuatu barang ditawarkan akibat perubahan harga barang tersebut
dengan
andaian faktor lain tidak berubah atau cateris paribus.
2.Keanjalan penawaran harga didefinisikan sebagai nisbah antara
peratusan
perubahan kuantiti sesuatu barang ditawarkan dengan peratusan
perubahan

4.9 Price Elasticity Of Supply Formula/Formula untuk Mencari

Nilai Keanjalan Penawaran Harga
Es =Percentage change in quantity supplied/percentage change in price
= % Qs % P
= [(Qb Qa/ Qa X 1oo ] [(Pb Pa)/ Pa X 100]
Es =(Q/ P X Pa/Qa
Where,
Qa = Original quantity supplied
Qb = New quantity supplied
Q = Change in quantity supplied
Pa = Original price
Pb = New price
P = Change In price

Es = Peratusan perubahan kuantiti ditawarkan/Peratusan perubahan harga

= % Qs % P
= [(Qb Qa/ Qa X 1oo ] [(Pb Pa)/ Pa
Es =(Q/ P X Pa/Qa
Dimana,
Qa = Kuantiti ditawarkan asal
Qb = Kuantiti ditawarkan baru
Q = Perubahan kuantiti ditawarkan
Pa = Harga asal
Pb = Harga baru
P = Perubahan harga

100]

4.10 Degrees Of Price Elasticity Of Supply

There are five degrees of price elasticity of supply:

1.Perfectly inelastic
2.Inelastic
3.Unitary elastic
4.Elastic
5.Perfectly elastic

Jenis Darjah Keanjalan Penawaran Harga

Terdapat lima jenis darjah keanjalan penawaran harga
seperti berikut:
1.Tak anjal sempurna
2.Tak anjal
3.Anjal uniti
4.Anjal
5.Anjal sempurna

4.11 Determinants of Price Elasticity of Supply

Pruduction Costs
Available and Mobility of factors Production
Time Period

price/harga

Number of Firms In an Industry

D1

Production Time

P1

S
D

D1
D

quantity/kuantiti(unit)

4.11 Faktor yang mempengaruhi Keanjalan Penawaran Harga

Perubahan Kos Pengeluaran
Mobiliti Faktor Pengeluaran
Faktor Masa
Bilangan Firma dalam sesuatu Industri
Tempoh Masa Penghasilan Sesuatu Keluaran

Degres of
Value of
elasticity/darjah elsticity/nil
keanjalan
ai
keanjalan
elastic

1 < Es
<

Supply curve
shape/bentuk keluk
penawaran

Explanation/
keterangan

Price/ harga(RM)

The percentage
change in
quantity supply is
greater than the
percentage
change in price.
The supply curve
has a gentle
slope.

S
P0

P1
S
0

Q1

quantity/kuantiti(unit)

Q0

Degres
of
elasticit
y/darjah
keanjala
n
inelastic

Value of
elsticity/nil
ai
keanjalan

Supply curve
shape/bentuk
keluk penawaran

0 <Es <1
price/harga(RM)

P0
P1

Explanation/
keterangan

The percentage change in

quantity supplied is smaller
than is percentage change in
price. The supply curve has a
steep slope.

Degres
Value of
Supply curve shape/bentuk
Explanation/
of
elsticity/nil keluk penawaran
keterangan
elasticity ai keanjalan
/darjah
keanjala
n
Unitary
elastic

Es =1

The percentage
change in the
quantity supplied
is equal to the
percentage
change in
price.The supply
curve originates
from the point of
origin.

Price/harga(RM)

P0

P1

Q1 Q0

Quantity/kuantiti
(unit)

Degres
of
elasticity
/darjah
keanjala
n
Perfectly
elastic

Value of
elsticity/nil
ai
keanjalan

Supply curve
shape/bentuk
keluk penawaran

Es =

Any increase in the price of

the good will caust the supply
to increase infinitely. Any
decrease the price of the
good will result in no supply.
The supplt curve is horizontal
and parallel to the quantity
axis.

Price/harga
(RM)

P0

Explanation/
keterangan

Q1 Q0

Quantity/kuantiti
(unit)

Kenaikan harga akan

menyebabkan pertambahan
kuantiti barang ditawarkan
dengan tidak terhingga
(infiniti). Penurunan harga
dari harga tingkat asal pulak
akan menyebabkan tiada
barang yang ditawarkan oleh
pengeluar kepada pengguna.
Keluk penawarannya

Degres
Value of
of
elsticity/nilai
elasticit keanjalan
y/darjah
keanjala
n
Perfectly
inelastic

Supply curve
shape/bentuk keluk
penawaran

Es = 0

P0
P1

Quantity/kuantiti
(unti)

keterangan

The quantity
supplied is not
affected by the
price. The supply
curve is vertical
and parallel to the
price axis.

Price/harga
(RM)

Explanation/

Q0

Perubahan harga
sesuatu barang
tidak akan
menyebabkan
peubahan kuantiti
ditawarkan. Keluk
penawarannya
menegak dan
selari dengan
paksi harga.

Production Cost

The supply of a good is elastic when large cost are required to

increase production. This can happen in two:
(a) In the first situation, a variable factor of production achieved
maximum capacity. Therefore, expenditure is required to procure
new factor of production. Thus, production cost will increase.
(b) In the second situation, difficulty to obtain certain factor of
production that are necessary to increase production will also
result in increase production will also result in increased
production cost.

Perubahan Kos Pengeluaran

Penawaran sesuatu barang adalah anjal apabila kos pengeluaran
tambahan yang diperlukan untuk mengeluarkan barang tersebut adalah
besar.
(a)Dalam keadaan pertama, penggunaan faktor pengeluaran faktor
pengeluaran sedia ada telah mencapai kapasiti maksimum. Maka, untuk
menambahkan pengeluaran, perbelanjaan untuk mendapat faktor
pengeluaran, perbelanjaan untuk mendapat faktor pengeluaran baru
diperlukan. Kesannya, kos pengeluaran akan meningkat.
(b)Dalam keadaan kedua, kesukaran untuk mendapatkan faktor pengeluaran
tertentu bagi menambahkan pengeluaran juga akan menyebabkan kos
pengeluaran meningkat.

Availability and Mobility of Factor Of

Production
The supply of a good inelastic if the factor nessessary
for production of a the good are limited in supply and
cannot be obtained easily.
However the supply of a good is elastic if the factor of
production nessessary for production of a good readily and
avariable and easily obtained.

Mobiliti Faktor Pengeluaran

Penawaran sesuatu barang adalah tak anjal sekiranya faktor

pengeluaran yang diperlukan untuk mengeluarkan barang

tersebut sukar dicari dan tidak dapat ditambah dengan mudah.
Sebaliknya, penawaran sesuatu barang adalah anjal sekiranya
faktor pengeluaran yang diperlukan untuk mengeluarkan
barang tersebut mudah dan dapat di tambah dengan mudah.

Time Period
Time period can be divided into very sort term, sort term

and long term.

In the very sort term, production cannot be increased
immediately when there are change in demand and price.
Therefore, supply is perfectly inelastic in the very sort term
are show in figure 4.22

Faktor Masa
Faktor masa boleh dibahagikan kepada jangka masa

singkat, jangka pendek, dan jangka panjang.

Dalam jangka masa singkat, pengeluaran tidak dapat
ditambah selaras dengan perubahan permintaan dan harga.
Oleh itu, penawaran adalah sempurna dalam jangka masa
singkat seperti ditunjukkan rajah 4.22

Number of firm in an industry

If they are a large number of firm in an industry, more good

can be produced by this industry. They for, the supply the

good in this industry is elastic.
However. If they are not many firm in an industry, a small
number of good will be produced by this industry, an the
supply of good in this industry will be inelastic.

Bilangan Firma dalam Sesuatu Industri

Semakin banyak firma dalam sesuatu industri, semakin

banyak barang yang dapat dikeluarkan oleh industri

berkenaan. Maka, semakin anjal penawaran barang dalam
industri tersebut.
Sebaliknya, semakin sedikit firma dalam sesuatu industri ,
semakin sedikit barang yang dapat dikeluarkan oleh industri
berkenaan. Maka, semakin kurang anjal penawaran keluaran
tersebut.

Production Time

If a long production time is required to produce a

good, the supply a of the good will become less

elastic.
However, if a short production time is required to
produce the good, the supply will become more
elastic.

Tempoh Masa Penghasilan Sesuatu Keluaran

Semakin panjang masa yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan

sesuatu keluaran, semakin kurang anjal penawaran keluaran

tersebut.
Sebaliknya, semakin pendek masa yang diperlukan untuk
menghasilkan sesuatu keluaran, semakin anjal penawaran
tersebut.

SUMBER : POLITENIK SEBERANG PERAI, PULAU PINANG.

TARIKH : OKTOBER 2003
PEPERIKSAAN PRINSIP EKONOMI
SOALAN 1
a)Takrifkan maksud keanjalan penawaran serta bagaimana formula
keanjalan penawaran dibentuk. (10markah)
b)
Bincangkan LIMA (5) faktor yang mempengaruhi keanjalan
penawaran. (15markah)

EXAMPLE QUESTIONS FROM PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS

BOOK
Section A : Multiple Choice Questions
1

If the price elasticity of demand for a good is zero, this means that the good
A will still be in demand when there is an increase in price.
B will not be in demand when there is an increase in price.
C will be purchased in smaller quantities when there is an increase in price.
D will be purchased in the same quantity at any price.

Jika keanjalan permintaan harga sesuatu barang persamaan sifar, ini bermakna
barang tersebut
A Akan tetap dibeli walaupun harganya naik
B Tidak akan dibeli apabila harganya naik
C Akan dibeli denga kuanttiti ynag kecil apabila harganya naik
D Akan dibeli dengan kuantiti yang sama pada sebarang tingkat harga

The following goods have inelastic demand except

A salt.
B cigarettes
C rice
D eggs.

Permintaan terhadap barang berikut adalah tak anjal kecuali

A Garam
B Rokok
C Beras
D Telur

Along a demand curve with a negative slope , when the price falls
A the value of price elasticity of demand is infinity.
B the value of price elasticity of demand will increase.
C the value of price elasticity of demand will decrease.
D the value of price elasticity of demand is zero.

Di sepanjang keluk permintaan yang bercerun negatif, apabila harga jatuh, maka
A Keanjalan permintaan harga adalah infiniti
B Keanjalan permintaan harga akan meningkat
C Keanjalan permintaan harga akan berkurangan
D Keanjalan permintaan harga adalah sifar

The following figure shows the demand curve for a good.

At point X, the total revenue is

A zero
C increasing
B maximum
D decreasing
4

Pada titik X, jumlah hasil adalah

A kosong
C semakin meningkat
B maksimum
D semakin menurun

When the price of good X increase from RM10 to RM15, the total revenue
increases from RM200 to RM300.Good X is said to have price elasticity of
demand that is
A perfectly elastic
B elastic.
C perfectly inelastic.
D inelastic.

Apabila harga barang x naik dari RM10 ke RM15, jumlah hasil meningkat
daripada RM200 kepada RM300. Barang x dikatakan mempunyai keanjalan
permintaan harga yang
A Anjal sempurna
B Anjal
C Tak anjal sempurna
D Tak anjal

Of the following statements about elasticity of demand curve, which is true ?

A Total revenue increases at the inelastic section of the demand curve.
B Total revenue decreases at the elastic section of the demand curve.
C At the inelastic section of the demand curve, increased prices will result in
increased total revenue.
D At the elastic section of the demand curve, increased prices will result in
increased total revenue.

Antara pertanyaan berikut yang manakah benar mengenai keanjalan keluk

permintaan ?
A Jumlah hasil semakin meningkat pada bahagian keluk permintaan yang tak
anjal
B Jumlah hasil semakin menurun pada bahagian keluk permintaan yang anjal
C Pada bahagian keluk permintaan yang tak anjal, kenaikan harga yang
meningkatkan jumlah hasil
D Pada bahagian keluk permintaan yang tak anjal, kenaikan harga akan
meningkatkan jumlah hasil

The Value of price elasticity of demand for a good Y is -2. If a seller wishes to
increase his/her total revenue by 50%, the seller needs to
A increase the price of good Y by 25%
B decrease the price of good Y by 25%
C increase the price of good Y by 100%
D decrease the price of good Y by 100%

Nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bagi barang Y ialah -2. Jika penjual ingin
menambahkan jumlah hasil sebanyak 50%, maka penjual perlu
A Menaikkan harga barang Y sebanyak 25%
B Menurunkan harga barang Y sebanyak 25%
C Menaikkan harga barang Y sebanyak 100%
D Menurunkan harga barang Y sebanyak 100%

Demand for agricultural products is

A elastic.
B unitary elastic
C inelastic
D perfectly elastic

Permintaan terhadap keluaran pertanian adalah

A Anjal
B Anjal 1
C Tak anjal
D Anjal sempurna

The following table shows the relationship between price and quantity demanded of
a good.
Price (RM)

Quantity demanded
(units)

100

80

60

The demand for the good is

A inelastic
B elastic
C unitary elastic
D perfectly elastic.

Permintaan terhadap barang tersebut adalah

A tak anjal
B anjal
C anjal satu
D anjal sempurna

10

If the value of price elasticity of demand for a good is -1.5, this means that
A a price increase of 1% will cause a 1.5% increase in quantity demand.
B a price increase of 1% will cause a 1.5% decrease in quantity demand.
C a price increase of 1% will cause a 1.5% decrease in price.
D a price increase of 1% will cause a 1.5% increase in price.

10

Jika nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bagi sesuatu barang ialah -1.5, ini bermakna
A kenaikan sebanyak 1% akan menyebabkan pertambahan kuantiti diminta
sebanyak 1.5%
B kenaikan harga sebanyak 1% akan menyebabkan kemerosotan kuantiti diminta
sebanyak 1.5%
C pertambahan kuantiti diminta sebanyak 1% akan menyebabkan kejatuhan
harga sebanyak 1.5%
D pertambahan kuantiti diminta sebanyak 1% akan menyebabkan kenaikan harga
sebanyak 1.5%

11

The following figure shows the demand curve for a good.

What is the value of X if the value of price elasticity of demand is 1.75 ?

A RM1
C RM3
B RM2
D RM4
11

Rajah diatas menunjukkan keluk permintaan bagi sesuatu barang

Apakah nilai x jika nilai kenjalan permintaan harga ialah 1.75?
A RM1
B RM2

C RM3
D RM4

12 The following figure shows the demand curve for a good.

The value of elasticity at point A is

Nilai keanjalan titik A ialah
A -0.5
B -1.0
C -1.5
D -2.0

13

Of the following statements about price elasticity of demand, which is true ?

A Price elasticity of demand for a good is higher in the long term compared to
the short term.
B Price elasticity of demand for a good is higher in the short term compared
to the long term.
C Price elasticity of demand for a good is the same in the short term or the long
term.
D A good needs to have a price elasticity of demand higher than status symbol
goods.

13

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar mengenai keanjalan permintaan harga ?
A Keanjalan permintaan harga bagi sesuatu barang adalah lebih tinggi dalam jangka
masa panjang berbanding jangka masa pendek
B Keanjalan permintaan harga bagi sesuatu baarang adalah lebih tinggi dalam jangka
masa pendek berbanding jangka masa panjang
C Keanjalan permintaan harga bagi sesuatu barang adalah sama dalam jangka masa
pendek dan jangka masa panjang
D Barang perlu mempunyai keanjalan permintaan harga yang lebih tinggi berbanding
barang mewah

14

The demand for a good is perfectly inelastic. This means that

A there will be a great increase in quantity demanded when the price falls.
B there will be a small increase in quantity demanded when the price falls.
C total expenditure will be unchanged at any price.
D there will be no change in quantity demanded when the price changes.

14

Permintaan terhadap sesuatu barang adalah tak anjal sempurna. Ini bermakna
A kuantiti diminta akan meningkat dengan banyak apabila harga jatuh.
B kuantiti diminta akan meningkat dengan sedikit apabila harga jatuh
C jumlah perbelanjaan tidak akan berubah pada sebarang tingkat harga
D kuantiti diminta tidak akan berubah apabila harga berubah

15 The value of price elasticity of demanded for a good is one. A price increase from

RM4 to RM10 will cause the quantity demanded to decrease from 25 units to
A 5 units
B 10 units
C 15 units
D 20 units
15 Nilai keanjalan permintaan harga bagi sesuatu barang ialah satu.Kenaikan harga

dari RM 4 ke RM 10 akan menyebabkan kuantiti diminta barang tersebut

berkurangan daripada 25 unit kepada
A 5 unit
B 10 unit
C 15 unit
D 20 unit

16 The demanded for rice is unitary elastic. Decreased production costs for rice will

result in
A increased income for rice producers.
B decreased income for rice producers.
C increased price of rice.
D increased equilibrium quantity of rice.
16 Permintaan terhadap beras adalah anjal sifar. Pengurangan kos pengeluaran beras

akan menyebabkan
A pendapatan pengeluar beras meningkat
B pendapatan pengeluar beras berkurangan.
C harga beras naik
D kuantiti keseimbangan beras meningkat

17 The demand for rice is inelastic because

A
B
C
D

there are many substitutes for rice.

a small proportion of income is spent on rice.
the production time for rice is short.
rice is a normal good.

17 Permintaan terhadap beras adalah tak anjal kerana

A
B
C
D

beras mempunyai banyak barang pengganti

bahagian pendapatan yang dibelanjakan terhadap beras adalah kecil
jangka masa pengeluaran beras adalah singkat
beras merupakan barang biasa

18 The following figure shows the demand curve for a good. A decrease in price from

OP to OP will result in a change in total revenue of

Rajah dibawah menunjukkan keluk permintaan bagi sesuatu barang.

A -C + A
B -B + A

C -A + C
D -A + B

19 Of the following statements about the relationship between total revenue and price

elasticity of demand, which is true ?

A An increase in price will result in decreased total revenue for goods with
inelastic demand.
B A decrease in price will result in decreased total revenue for goods with elastic
demand.
C A decrease in price in price will result in increased total revenue for goods with
inelastic demand.
D An increase in price will result in increased total revenue for goods with elastic
demand.

19 Antara pernyataan berikut,yang manakah benar mengenai hubungan antara jumlah hasil
dengan keanjalan permintaan harga?
A kenaikan harga akan menyebabkan jumlah hasil meningkat bagi barang yang mempunyai
permintaan tak anjal.
B kejatuhan harga akan menyebabkan jumlah hasil menurun bagi barang yang mempunyai
permintaan anjal.
C kejatuhan harga akan menyebabkan jumlah hasil meningkat bagi barang yang mempunyai
permintaan tak anjal.
D kenaikan harga akan menyebabkan jumlah hasil meningkat bagi barang yang mempunyai
permintaan anjal

20 If the value of cross elasticity of demand between goods X and Y is zero, what is the

relationship between good X and good Y ?

A Normal goods
B Substitute goods
C Complementary goods
D No relationship
20 Jika nilai keanjalan permintaan silang antara barang X dengan barang Y adalah sifar,

barang X dan barang Y merupakan barang

A biasa
B pengganti
C penggenap
D tidak berkaitan

21 The following table shows the relationship between the price of good R and the

Quantity demanded of good S.

Price of R (RM)

Quantity demanded of S
(units)

10

10

50

What is the relationship between good R and good S ?

Apakah hubungan antara barang R dengan barang S ?
A Substitute goods
A barang pengganti
B Complementary goods
B barang penggenap
C No relationship
C barang tidak berkaitan
D Normal goods
D barang biasa

22 The value of cross elasticity of demand between goods P and Q is 3. When the

price of P increases from RM3 to RM6, the quantity demanded of P changes to 20

units. What is the original quantity demanded of good P ?
A 2 units
B 3 units
C 4 units
D 5 units
22 Nilai keanjalan permintaan silang antara barang P dengan barang Q ialah 3.Apabila

harga barang Q naik dari RM 3 ke RM 6, kuantiti diminta barang P berubah kepada

20 unit. Berapakah kuantiti diminta asal barang P?
A 2 unit
B 3 unit
C 4 unit
D 5 unit

 Question 23

24 If good X is coffee, good Z is

A
B
C
D

Sugar
Tea
Shoes
Milk

24 Jika barang X ialah kopi, barang Z ialah

A
B
C
D

gula
teh
kasut
susu

25 If rice and potatoes are perfect substitutes, the value of cross elasticity of demand

between the two goods is

A Negative and large
B Negative and small
C Positive and large
D Positive and small
25 Jika beras dan ubi kentang merupakan dua barang pengganti yang sempurna, nilai

keanjalan permintaan silang antara kedua-dua barang ini adalah

A negatif dan besar
B negatif dan kecil
C positif dan besar
D positif dan kecil

26 If the value of cross elasticity of demand between good X and good Y is negative,

good X and good Y are

A Substitute goods
B Complementary goods
C Essential goods
D Giffen goods
26 Jika nilai keanjalan permintaan silang antara barang X dengan barang Y adalah

negatif, barang X dan barang Y merupakan barang

A pengganti
B penggenap
C perlu
D giffen

27 A decrease from RM 20 to RM 18 in the price of good Y will result in a 30%

increase in the quantity demanded of good Z

Kejatuhan harga barang Y dari RM 20 ke RM 18 menyebabkan kuantiti diminta
barang Z meningkat sebanyak 30%
Kira nilai keanjalan permintaan silang antara barang Y dengan barang Z dan
nyatakan hubungan antara barang Y dengan barang Z.
Nilai keanjalan
A -3.0
A -3.0
B 0.33
B 0.33
C 3.0
C 3.0
D -0.33
D -0.33

Hubungan
Barang penggenap
Complementary goods
Barang pengganti
Substitute goods
Barang pengganti
Substitute goods
Barang penggenap
Complementary goods

28 Income elasticity of demand is the ratio of

A Percentage change in quantity demanded of a good to percentage change in

income.
B Percentage change in quantity demanded of a good to percentage change in
quantity demanded of another good.
C Percentage change in income to percentage change in quantity demanded of a
good.
D Percentage change in quantity demanded of a good to percentage change in the
price of another good.
28 Keanjalan permintaan pendapatan ialah nisbah antara

A peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu barang dengan peratusan perubahan

pendapatan.
B peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu barang dengan peratusan perubahan kuantiti
diminta barang lain.
C peratusan perubahan pendapatan dengan peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu
barang
D peratusan perubahan kuantiti diminta sesuatu barang dengan peratusan perubahan harga
barang lain.

29 Classification of a good into categories such as status symbol goods, normal goods,
or inferior goods can be identified based on the value of
A price elasticity of demand.
B cross elasticity of demand.
C income elasticity of demand.
D price elasticity of supply.
29 Pengelasan sesuatu barang sama ada barang mewah, barang biasa atau barang

bawahan boleh dikenal pasti berdasarkan nilai keanjalan

A permintaan harga
B permintaan silang
C permintaan pendapatan
D penawaran harga

30 If the value of price elasticity of demand for goods C is -3, this means that good C

is
A
B
C
D

a status symbol good.

an inferior good.
a necessary good.
an essential good.

30 Jika nilai keanjalan permintaan pendapatan bagi barang C ialah -3, ini bermakna

barang C ialah barang

A mewah
B bawahan
C perlu
D mesti

31 The value of price elasticity of demand for Giffen goods is

A
B
C
D

less than one.

less than zero.
more than one.
equal to one.

31 Nilai keanjalan permintaaan pendapatan bagi barang giffen adalah

A kurang daripada satu
B kurang daripada sifar
C lebih daripada satu
D sama dengan satu

32 Of the following statements about elasticity of demand, which is not true ?

A If the price elasticity of a good is less than one, a decrease in the price of
the good will result in a decrease in the total income of consumers.
B If the price elasticity of demand of a good is less than one, an increase in the
price of the good will increase consumers expenditure.
C The value of income elasticity of demand for inferior goods is negative.
D The value of cross elasticity of demand for complementary goods is positive.
32 Antara pernyataan berikut , yang manakah tidak benar mengenai keanjalan

permintaan?
A jika keanjalan permintaan harga bagi sesuatu barang adalah kurang daripada
satu, kejatuhan harga barang tersebut akan mengurangkan jumlah perbelanjaan
pengguna.
B jika keanjalan permintaan harga bagi sesuatu barang adalah lebih daripada satu,
kenaikan harga barang tersebut akan mengurangkan perbelanjaan pengguna.
C nilai keanjalan permintan pendapatan bagi barang bawahan adalah negatif.
D nilai keanjalan permintaan silang bagi barang penggenap adalah positif.

33 A supply curve that is linear and originates from the point of origin has a value of

elasticity that is
A equal to zero
B more than zero
C less than one
D equal to one.
33 Keluk penawaran yang bergaris lurus dan bermula dari titik asalan mempunyai nilai

keanjalan
A bersamaan sifar
B lebih daripada satu
C kurang daripada satu
D bersamaan satu

34 A 10% decrease in the price of a good will result in a 5% decrease in quantity

demanded. The value of elasticity of supply for the good is

A 0.5
B 1
C 1.5
D 2
34 Kejatuhan harga sesuatu barang sebanyak 10% menyebabkan kuantiti ditawarkan

berkurangan sebanyak 5%. Nilai keanjalan penawaran bagi barang tersebut ialah
A 0.5
B 1
C 1.5
D 2

35 A goods elasticity of supply is zero in the

A
B
C
D

long term
short term
very short term
monsoon season.

35 Keanjalan penawaran bagi sesuatu barang adalah sifar dalam

A
B
C
D

jangka masa panjang

jangka masa pendek
jangka masa singkat
musim hujan

36 The value of elasticity of supply of rice is 0.4. This means that a decrease in the

price of rice from RM 1 per kg to RM 0.90 per kg will cause the supply of rice to
A decrease by 0.4%
B increase by 0.4%
C decrease by 4.0%
D increase by 4.0%
36 Nilai keanjalan penawaran beras ialah 0.4. Ini bermakna kejatuhan harga beras dari

RM 1 sekg ke RM 0.90 sekg akan menyebabkan penawaran beras

A berkurangan sebanyak 0.4%
B bertambah sebanyak 0.4%
C berkurangan sebanyak 4.0%
D bertambah sebanyak 4.0%

37 A supply curve that is linear and parallel to the quantity axis has a value of

elasticity that is
A Equal to zero
B Less than one
C One
D Infinity
37 Keluk penawaran yang bergaris lurus dan selari dengan paksi kuantiti mempunyai

nilai keanjalan
A sifar
B kurang daripada satu
C satu
D infiniti

38 The value of elasticity of supply of limes is 0.5.This means that

A when the price of limes changes by 0.5%, the quantity supplied will change by
1%.
B when the price of limes changes by 0.5%, the quantity supplied will change by
0.5%.
C when the price of limes change by 1%, the quantity supplied will change by
0.5%.
D when the price of limes changes by 0.5%, the quantity supplied will not change.
38 Nilai keanjalan penawaran limau ialah 0.5. Ini bermakna

A apabila harga limau berubah sebanyak 0.5%, kuantiti limau ditawarkan akan berunah
sebanyak 1%.
B apabila harga limau berubah sebanyak 0.5%, kuantiti limau ditawarkan akan berubah
sebanyak 0.5%
C apabila harga limau berubah sebanyak 1%, kuantiti limau ditawarkan akan berubah
sebanyak 0.5%
D apabila harga liamau berubah sebanyk 0.5%, kuantiti limau ditawarkan tidak akan
berubah.

39 The following figure shows supply curves for a good

Of the following curves, which has a value of elasticity of supply equal to one ?
Antara keluk berikut , yang manakah mempunyai nilai keanjalan penawaran
bersamaan satu?
A S1
B S2
C S3
D S4

40 If the supply curve for rice is perfectly elastic, an increase in consumer income will

result in
A increased revenue for rice producers.
B decreased revenue for rice producers.
C a decrease in the price of rice.
D an increased quantity supply of rice.
40 Jika keluk penawaran padi adalah tak anjal sempurna,pertambahan pendapatan
pendu duk akan menyebabkan
A
B
C
D

hasil pengeluaran padi meningkat

hasil pengeluaran padi merosot
harga padi jatuh
kuantiti padi ditawarkan bertambah