Endocrine System

General and Chemical structure

and Function

Normalija B.
Usman

 Endocrine system is the collection of

glands that produce hormones that
regulate metabolism, growth and
development, tissue function, sexual
function, reproduction, sleep, and mood,
among other things.

3 main chemical categories of

hormones
Protein/Polypeptide Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Modified Amino Acid Hormones

Protein/Polypeptide
Hormones
Protein Hormones or peptide hormones are
made from polymers amino acids. Many of these
hormones stimulate other glands to make
hormones. They are also important in regulation
of metabolism.
This include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from
the pituitary, insulin from the pancreas, and
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Hydrophilic

Steroid hormones
Are derivatives of cholesterol and include products of
the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes as well as the
related molecule, vitamin D.
Steroid hormones help control
metabolism, inflammation, immune functions, salt and
water balance, development of sexual characteristics,
and the ability to withstand illness and injury.
Hydrophobic
Unlike protein/polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones
are not stored in large amounts.

Steroid hormones
2 classes
CORTICOSTEROID
SEX STEROIDS

 5 receptors which they bind

Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)
Mineralocorticoids (corticosteroids)
Androgens (sex steroids)
Estrogens (sex steroids)
progestogens (sex steroids)

Modified Amino Acid Hormones

Amino acid these are hormones derived
from amino acids. Many of the amino acid
hormones are neurotransmitters. The
hormones derived from amino acids are
thyroid hormones and the hormones of the
adrenal medulla.
They include thyroid hormones and the
catecholamines epinephrine and
norepinephrine.

 Thyroid hormones - T3 or Triiodothronine hormones and

T4 or Thyroxine hormones stimulates the body oxygen
and energy consumption. Increase basal metabolic
rates. They also promotes protein synthesis.
The hormones secreted by the adrenal
medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine are also
amino acid derived hormones. These hormones are
known as flight and fright hormones. These hormones
are also known as emergency hormones. They boost the
supply of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles.