WCDMA, HSPA and Advanced Receivers: Timo Nihtilä, PH - Lic. (Ph.D. Def.) Senior Research Scientist Magister Solutions LTD

WCDMA, HSPA and advanced
receivers
Timo Nihtil, Ph.Lic. (Ph.D. def.)
Senior Research Scientist
Magister Solutions Ltd.
Readings related to the subject

General readings
WCDMA for UMTS Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
Network planning oriented

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Janna Laiho,
Achim Wacker, Toms Novosad
UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management
For Practical Engineering Tasks Jukka Lempiinen, Matti
Manninen
Timo Nihtil
TLT-5606 Spread Spectrum Techniques / 25.4. 2008
Outline
Background
Key concepts
Code multiplexing
Spreading
Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

(WCDMA)
WCDMA Performance Enhancements
High Speed Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA)
Advanced features for HSDPA
Timo Nihtil
Background
Why new radio access system
Frequency Allocations
Standardization
WCDMA background and evolution
Evolution of Mobile standards
Current WCDMA markets
Why new radio access system

Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System)
Support for packet data services
IP data in core network
Wireless IP
New services in mobile multimedia need faster data

transmission and flexible utilization of the spectrum
FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
TDMA wastes time resources
FDMA wastes frequency resources
CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly

Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for
UMTS (1997)
(Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)
Timo Nihtil
Frequency allocations for UMTS

Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized
US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G
elsewhere is currently used for the US 2G standards
IMT-2000 band in Europe:
FDD 2x60MHz
Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: WCDMA for UMTS
Timo Nihtil
Standardization
WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the
industry and universities
WCDMA was chosen besides ETSI also in other forums like
ARIB (Japan) as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998.
During 1998 parallel work proceeded in ETSI and ARIB
(mainly), with commonalities but also differences
Work was also on-going in USA and Korea
Timo Nihtil
Standardization
At end of 1998 different standardization organizations got together
and created 3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project.
5 Founding members: ETSI, ARIB+TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1
(USA)
CWTS (China) joined later.
Different companies are members through their respective
standardization organization.
3G P P
E TSI
A R IB
TTA
T1P1
TTC
C W TS
E T S I M e m b e rs
A R IB M e m b e rs
T T A M e m b e rs
T 1 P 1 M e m b e rs
T T C M e m b e rs
C W T S M e m b e rs
Timo Nihtil
WCDMA Background and Evolution

First major milestone was Release 99, 12/99
Full set of specifications by 3GPP
Targeted mainly on access part of the network
Release 4, 03/01
Core network was extended

markets jumped over Rel 4
Release 5, 03/02
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
Release 7, 06/07
Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for
HSDPA (MIMO, higher order modulation)
Timo Nihtil
WCDMA Background and Evolution

3GPP Rel -99
12/99
2001
2000
Japan
10
Timo Nihtil
3GPP Rel 4
03/01
2002
Europe
(pre-commercial)
3GPP Rel 5
(HSDPA)
03/02
2003
Europe
(commercial)
3GPP Rel 6
(HSUPA)
2H/04
2004
2005
HSDPA
(commercial)
3GPP Rel 7
HSPA+
06/07
2006
Further Releases
2007
HSUPA
(commercial)
Evolution of Mobile standards

EDGE
GSM
HSCSD
WCDMA
FDD
HSDPA/
HSUPA
GPRS
LTE
TD-CDMA
TDD HCR
HSDPA/
HSUPA
TD-SCDMA
TDD LCR
cdma2000
1XEV - DO
cdmaOne
(IS-95)
cdma2000
cdma2000
1XEV - DV
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Timo Nihtil

Graph of the technologies adopted by the wireless users worldwide:
Over 3.5 billion wireless users worldwide

GSM+WCDMA share currently over 88 % (www.umts-forum.org)
CDMA share is decreasing every year
12
Timo Nihtil
Million subscribers
Over 200 million WCDMA subscribers globally (04/08) (

www.umts-forum.org)
10 % HSDPA/HSUPA users
Number of subscribers is constantly increasing
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Timo Nihtil
Key concepts
CDMA
Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence spreading
Spreading and Processing gain
14
Multiple Access Schemes

FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Code
Time
1
2
Frequency
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for
different users,
example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM also uses FDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are
separated from each other with orthogonal codes
15
Timo Nihtil
Spread Spectrum
Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the
information bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider
bandwidth
Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
Benefits
More secure communication
Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
Classification
Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
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Timo Nihtil
Spread Spectrum
Where does spread spectrum come from
17
First publications, late 40s

First applications: Military from the 50s
Rake receiver patent 1956
Cellular applications proposed late 70s
Investigations for cellular use 80s
IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)
1997/1998 3G technology choice
2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology
Timo Nihtil
Direct Sequence
In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique
binary sequence i.e. with spreading/channelization code
The bits of the channelization code are called chips
Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other
(cocktail party effect)
Length of a channelization code

defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit
and thus determines the end bit rate
Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to
Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is required
Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered

based on the interference levels
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Timo Nihtil
Direct Sequence
Transmission (Tx) side with DS
Information signal is multiplied with channelization code =>
spread signal
Receiving (Rx) side with DS

Spread signal is multiplied with channelization code
Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then integrated (i.e.
summed together)
If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the signal is
meant for the receiver
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Timo Nihtil
Direct Sequence
20
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Direct Sequence
21
Timo Nihtil
Transmitted signal
before spreading
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Processing gain and Spreading

Despread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Received signal
before despreading
Frequency
Interference for the part

we are interested in
Frequency
22
Timo Nihtil
Received signal
after despreading but
before filtering

Transmitted signal
Interference
Received signal
after despreading and
after filtering
Frequency
Frequency
23
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Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to
processing gain
Processing gain is generally defined as follows:
G[dB]=10*log10(W/R), where W is the chip rate and R is the user bit rate
The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain.

The loss is defined as:
Lp = 10*log10k, where k is the amount of users
Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is

Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)
High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR
smaller coverage
The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile
network (voice, web browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different
services depending on the radio network planning issues
24
Timo Nihtil

Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness
against self-interference that is necessary in order to reuse
the available 5 MHz carrier frequency over geographically
close distances.
Examples: Speech service with a bit rate of 12.2 kbps
processing gain 10 log10(3.84e6/12.2e3) = 25 dB
For speech service the required SINR is typically in the order of 5.0
dB, so the required wideband signal-to-interference ratio (also
called carrier-to-interference ratio, C/I ) is therefore 5.0 dB minus
the processing = -20.0 dB.
In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the
interference or thermal noise power, and the WCDMA receiver can
still detect the signal.
Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection requires C/I = 9
12 dB.
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Timo Nihtil
Introduction to Wideband Code

Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
Overview
Codes in WCDMA
QoS support
Network Architecture
Radio propagation and fading
RAKE receiver
Power Control in WCDMA
Diversity
Capacity and coverage
26
WCDMA System
WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS
systems
Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands
between the carriers
Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time

UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
High bit rates

With Release 99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL
384 kbps highest implemented
Fast power control (PC)

=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the
interference
27
Timo Nihtil
WCDMA System
Soft handover
Improves coverage, decreases interference
Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver

Introduces multipath diversity
Variable spreading factor

Support for flexible bit rates
Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection

Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:
real-time
E.g. voice, video telephony
streaming
streaming video and audio
interactive
web-browsing
background
e-mail download
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Timo Nihtil
Codes in WCDMA
Channelization Codes (=short code)
Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal
Length is dependent on the spreading factor
Used for
channel separation from the single source in downlink
separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the

additional scrambling code is needed
Scrambling codes (=long code)
Very long (38400 chips = 10 ms =1 radio frame), many codes available

Does not spread the signal
Uplink: to separate different mobiles
Downlink: to separate different cells
The correlation between two codes (two mobiles/NodeBs) is low
Not fully orthogonal
29
Timo Nihtil
Codes in WCDMA
For instance, the relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes
Symbol_rate =
Chip_rate/SF
Spreading
Factor(SF)
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
4,with3
parallel
codes
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Timo Nihtil
Bit_rate =
Symbol_rate*2
Channel
symbol
rate
(ksps)
7.5
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
2880
Control channel
(DPCCH) overhead
Channel
bitrate
(kbps)
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
1920
5760
User bit rate with coding =

Channel_bit_rate/2
DPDCH
channelbit
raterange
(kbps)
36
1224
4251
90
210
432
912
1872
5616
Maximumuser
dataratewith
ratecoding
(approx.)
13kbps
Half rate speech
612kbps
Full rate speech
2024kbps
45kbps
105kbps
144 kbps
215kbps
384 kbps
456kbps
936kbps
2.3Mbps
2 Mbps
QoS Support
Key Factors:
Simultaneous support of services with different
QoS requirements:
up to 210 Transport Format Combinations, selectable
individually for every radio frame (10 ms)
going towards IP core networks greatly increases the
usage of simultaneous applications requiring different
quality, e.g. real time vs. non-real time
Optimized usage of different transport channels

for supporting different QoS
31
Timo Nihtil
Dat
a
Rat
e
QoS support
Example:
Downlink
Shared
Channel
10 ms
USER 1 USER 2 USER 3 USER 1 USER 1 USER 2
2 Mbps
Code 5
USER 4
....
Downlink
Dedicate
d
Channels
USER 4
Code 4
USER 3
Code 3
USER 2
Code 2
USER 1
Code 1
Time
32
Timo Nihtil
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

Architecture
New Radio Access network
needed mainly due to new
radio access technology
Uu interface
Core Network (CN) is

based on GSM/GPRS
Iub interface
RNC
NodeB
Radio Network Controller

(RNC) corresponds roughly
to the Base Station
Controller (BSC) in GSM
UE
Node B corresponds
roughly to the Base Station
in GSM
UE
CN
NodeB
Iur interface
NodeB
RNC
Term Node B is a relic

from the first 3GPP releases
UTRAN
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Timo Nihtil

Architecture
Radio network controller (RNC)
Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain

Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the following
Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface
Air interface scheduling
Handover control
Outer loop power control
Call Admission Control
Setting of initial powers and SIR targets
Radio resource reservation
Code allocation
Load Control
34
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Architecture
Node B
Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub

interfaces
Some RRM tasks:
Measurements
Inner loop power control
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A transmitted radio signal
goes through several changes
while traveling via air
interface to the receiver
reflections, diffractions, phase
shifts and attenuation
Due to length difference of

the signal paths, multipath
components of the signal
arrive at different times to the
receiver and can be
combined either destructively
or constructively
Depends on the phases of the
multipath components
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Timo Nihtil

Example of the fast fading
channel of a function of
time
Opposite phases of two
random multipath
components arriving at the
same time cancel each
other out
Results in a fade
Coherent phases are

combined constructively
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Timo Nihtil
RAKE receiver
Every multipath component arriving at the receiver more
than one chip time (0.26 s) apart can be distinguished by
the RAKE receiver
0.26 s corresponds to 78 m in path length difference
RAKE assigns a finger to each received component (tap)

and alters their phases based on a channel estimate so that
theTransmitted
components can
be combinedPhase
constructivelyCombined
Received
symbol at
each time
slot
symbol
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
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Timo Nihtil
modified using
the channel
estimate
symbol

The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure that each user
receives and transmits just enough energy to have service
but to prevent:
Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect)
Exceeding reasonable interference levels
Without PC received
power levels would
be unequal
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1 UE2 UE3
UE3
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Timo Nihtil
With ideal PC
received power levels
are equal

1. Open loop power control
Only for the initial power setting of the MS
Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal
2. Inner loop transmitter power control (CL TPC) at a rate of 1500 Hz
Mitigates fading processes (fast and slow fading)

Tx power is adjusted up/down to reach SIR target
Both in UL and DL
Uses quality targets in MS / BS
3. Outer loop PC at the rate of 100 Hz
40
Sets the quality target used by the inner loop PC

Compensates the changes in the propagation conditions
Adjusts the quality target
Both in UL and DL
Timo Nihtil
Inner loop power control in the uplink

Outer loop PC (running in the radio network controller, RNC)
defines SIR target for the BS.
If the measured SIR at BS is lower than the SIR-target, the MS is
commanded to increases its transmit power. Otherwise MS is
commanded to decrease its power
Power control dynamics at the MS is 70 dB
41
Timo Nihtil
Inner loop power control in downlink:
42
Outer loop PC (running in the MS) defines SIR target for the MS
If the measured SIR at the MS is lower than the SIR-target, the BS
is commanded to increases its transmit power for that MS.
Otherwise, BS is commanded to decrease its power.
Power control rate 1500 Hz
Power control dynamics is dependent on the service
Theres no near-far problem in DL due to one-to-many scenario.
However, it is desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional
power to mobile stations at the cell edge, as they suffer from
increased other-cell interference.
Timo Nihtil

Example of inner loop power
control behavior:
With higher velocities channel
fading is more rapid and 1500
Hz power control may not be
sufficient
43
Timo Nihtil
Inner loop power control tries to keep the received SIR as close to
the target SIR as possible.
However, the constant SIR alone does not actually guarantee the
required frame error rate (FER) which can be considered as the
quality criteria of the link/service.
Theres no unique SIR that automatically gives a certain FER
FER is a function of SIR, but also depends on mobility and propagation
environment.
44
Therefore, the frame reliability information has to be delivered to

outer loop control, which can tune the SIR target if necessary.
Timo Nihtil
Diversity
Transmitting on a single path only can lead to serious performance
degradation due to fading
As fading is independent between different times and spaces it is
reasonable to use the available diversity of them to decrease the
probability of a deep fade
The more there are paths to choose from, the less likely it is that all of
them have a poor energy level
There exists different types of diversity which can be used to

improve the quality, e.g.:
Multipath
RAKE receiver exploits taps arriving at different times
Macro
Different Node Bs send the same information
Site Selection Transmit Diversity (SSTD)

Maintain a list of available base stations and choose the best one, from which the
transmission is received and tell the others not to transmit
45
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Diversity
Time
Same information is transmitted in different times
Receive antenna
Transmission is received with multiple antennas
Power gain and diversity gain
Transmit antenna
Transmission is sent with multiple antennas
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WCDMA Handovers
WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different
types
Intra-frequency handover
WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft,
softer and hard handover supported
Inter-frequency handover
Handover between different frequencies (carriers) but within the
same system
E.g. from one WCDMA operator to another
Only hard handover supported
Inter-system handover
Handover between WCDMA and another system, e.g. from WCDMA
to GSM
Only hard handover supported
47
Timo Nihtil
WCDMA Handovers
Soft handover
Handover between different Node
Bs
Several Node Bs transmit the
same signal to the UE which
combines the transmissions
Advantages: lower Tx power needed
for each Node B and UE
lower interference, battery saving
for UE
Disadvantage: resources (code,
power) need to be reserved for the
UE in each Node B
Excess soft handovers limit the
capacity
No interruption in data
transmission
Needs RNC duplicating frame
transmissions to two Node Bs
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WCDMA Handovers
Softer handover
Handover between two sectors of the
same Node B
Special case of a soft handover
No need for duplicate frames
Hard handover
The source is released first and then
new one is added
Short interruption in data flow
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Timo Nihtil
WCDMA Handovers
Some terminology
Active set (AS), represents the Node Bs to which the UE is in soft
handover
Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors but which are
not already in active set
Triggering time_1 Triggering time_2
BS1
Received
signal
strength
Threshold_1
Threshold_2
BS2
BS1 dropped from the AS
BS2 from the NS

reaches the threshold to
be added to the AS
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Timo Nihtil
BS2 is still after the

triggering time above
threshold and thus
added to the AS
BS1 from the AS reaches

the threshold to be
dropped from the AS
In WCDMA coverage and capacity are tight together:

When the load increases, the interference levels increases, too,
and therefore also increased transmit powers are needed in order
to keep constant quality.
Due to finite power resources, the more users Node B serves the
less power it has for each UE coverage will decrease
This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as the

load of the cell changes.
Therefore, the coverage and
the capacity have to be

planned simultaneously
Radio resource management
(RRM) is needed in WCDMA
to effectively control cell
breathing.
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Timo Nihtil

Received power of one user as a
function of users per cell
Due to finite maximum Tx power
of the UE coverage is usually
limited by the uplink
Node B does not have this
problem
There is enough Tx power to
transmit very far to a single user if
necessary
However, downlink Tx power is
divided between all users and thus
capacity is limited by the downlink
52
Timo Nihtil
WCDMA evolution
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA)
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA)
Advanced receivers with HSDPA
Advanced HSDPA scheduling
Femto cells with HSDPA
53
High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA)
The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept was
added to Release 5 to support higher downlink data rates
It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be
used for traffic with tighter delay requirements.
Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4
Mbit/s)
Reduced retransmission delays
Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)
Spectrally and code efficient solution
54
Timo Nihtil
HSDPA features
Agreed features in Release 5
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
QPSK or 16QAM
Multicode operation
Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms)

Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
(HARQ)
Chase Combining
Incremental Redundancy
Fast packet scheduling at Node B

E.g. Round robin, Proportional fair
Features agreed in Release 7

Higher order modulation (64QAM)
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
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Timo Nihtil
HSDPA - general principle
Channel quality
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Data
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
1 6 Q A M 3 /4
20
40
60
80
Tim e [n u m b e r o f TTIs ]
100
120
140
160
1 6 Q A M 2 /4
UE
Q P S K 3 /4
Q P S K 2 /4
Q P S K 1 /4
New
Newbase
basestation
stationfunctions
functions
HARQ
HARQretransmissions
retransmissions
Modulation/coding
Users may be time and/or code multiplexed
Modulation/codingselection
selection
Packet
Packetdata
datascheduling
scheduling(short
(shortTTI)
TTI)
Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback

information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.
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Timo Nihtil
HSDPA functionality
Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node
B
Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is
dynamic and fast
Support for several parallel transmissions
When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement
from the receiver, during which other packets can be sent via a
parallel SAW (stop-and-wait) channels
Pkt A
Pkt B
Pkt C
Pkt D
Pkt E
Pkt F
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Ack B
HSDPA functionality
UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI
messages (Channel Quality Indicator)
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HSDPA functionality
Node B can use channel state information for several
purposes
In transport format (TFRC) selection
Modulation and coding scheme
Scheduling decisions
Non-blind scheduling algorithms can be utilized
HS-SCCH power control
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Timo Nihtil
HSDPA channels
User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-DSCH)
Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control
Channel (HS-SCCH)
HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the
scheduled UE of the transport format of the incoming
transmission on HS-DSCH
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High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

Peak data rates increased to significantly higher than 2 Mbps;
Theoretically reaching 5.8 Mbps
Packet data throughput increased, though not as high
throughput as with HSDPA
Reduced delay from retransmissions.
Solutions
Layer1 hybrid ARQ
NodeB based scheduling for uplink
Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms
Schedule in 3GPP
Part of Release 6
First specifications version completed 12/04
In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (EDCH)
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HSPA Peak Data Rates

Downlink HSDPA
Uplink HSUPA
Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps
Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
Initial capability 1.8 3.6 Mbps
Initial capability 1.46 Mbps
# of codesModulation
62
Max
data rate
# of codes
TTI
Max
data rate
5 codes
QPSK
1.8 Mbps
2 x SF4
2 ms
10 ms
1.46 Mbps
5 codes
16-QAM
3.6 Mbps
2 x SF2
10 ms
2.0 Mbps
10 codes
16-QAM
7.2 Mbps
2 x SF2
2 ms
2.9 Mbps
15 codes
16-QAM
10.1 Mbps
2 x SF2 +
2 x SF4
2 ms
5.76 Mbps
15 codes
16-QAM
14.4 Mbps
Timo Nihtil
Performance of advanced HSDPA

features
63

UE receiver experiences significant interference from different
sources
In a reflective environment the signal interferes itself
Neigboring base station signals interfere each other
One solution to decrease mainly own base station signal
interference is to use an equalizer before despreading
Own cell interference
Other cell interference
Own signal
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In a frequency-selective channel there is a significant amount
of interfering multipaths
Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) equalizer can
be used to make an estimate of the original transmitted chip
sequence before despreading
The interfering multipath components are removed
The channel becomes flat again
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Timo Nihtil

LMMSE equalizer (Equ in the
figure) offers a very good
performance for the user
especially near the base
station
Using antenna diversity
(1x2) the throughput can be
doubled compared to a
single antenna
Both techniques increase the
cost of a mobile unit
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Node B has a limited amount of scheduling opportunities
The amount of data transmitted by the network must be
maximized whilst offering the best possible quality of service
to all users
The scheduling can be improved by an advanced algorithm
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An improved scheduling
algorithm (Proportional
Fair, PF) offers significant
gain over a conventional
algorithm (Round Robin,
RR)
PF has a very good pricequality ratio
User equipment needs no
changes
Node Bs need only minor
changes
68
Timo Nihtil
Femtocells
More and more consumers want to use their mobile devices at
home, even when theres a fixed line available
Providing full or even adequate mobile residential coverage is a
significant challenge for operators
Mobile operators need to seize residential minutes from fixed line
providers, and compete with fixed and emerging VoIP and WiFi services
=> There is trend in discussing very small indoor, home and campus
NodeB layouts
Femtocells are cellular access points (for limited access group)

that connect to a mobile operators network using residential DSL
or cable broadband connections
Femtocells enable capacity equivalent to a full 3G network sector
at very low transmit powers, dramatically increasing battery life
of existing phones, without needing to introduce WiFi enabled
handsets
69
Timo Nihtil
Femtocells
The study considers the system performance of an HSDPA network consisting of macro
cells and very low transmit power (femto) cells
The impact of using 64QAM in addition to QPSK and 16QAM in order to benefit from the
high SINR is studied
The network performance is investigated with different portions of users created in the
buildings (0-100%)
70
Timo Nihtil
Femtocells
Femtocells provide maximum of
15-17 % gain to network
throughput already without
dedicated indoor users
Table: Network throughput gain of

femto cells to macro users
Offered load
Scheme
The gain is visible with high load
in the network and comes
directly from the increased
number of access points in the
network
Average load of a cell is
decreased and users can be
scheduled more often
71
Timo Nihtil
Medium
High
Congested
Rake 1x1
3%
8%
15 %
Rake 1x2
-1 %
19 %
13 %
Equ 1x1
-2 %
18 %
15 %
Equ 1x2
-1 %
3%
17 %
Femtocells
When the amount of dedicated
indoor users increase, the gain of
femto cells explodes
Gain is in the range of hundreds of
percents even with small portion
of indoor users
72
Timo Nihtil

WCDMA, HSPA and Advanced Receivers: Timo Nihtilä, PH - Lic. (Ph.D. Def.) Senior Research Scientist Magister Solutions LTD

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WCDMA, HSPA and advanced

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