Professional Documents
Culture Documents
theory
Dealswithideasandargumentsrelatedtotheconductof
planning
Aimstoprovidesomeoverallorgeneralunderstandingof
thenatureofplanning
Whatsortofactivityisplanning?
Whatshoulditaimtodo?
Whatareitseffectsonsociallife?
Whatareitseffectsonurbanmorphologyandfunction?
Whatarethecomponentsofgoodqualityurbanenvironments?
Underwhatconditionsarethesequalitiesmostlikelytobe
realised?
Whatpartcanplanningplayincreatingbetter/liveablecities?
Baseline modernism
form
purpose
design
hierarchy
mastery/theword/logos
totalization/synthesis
centring
meta/grandnarratives
determinacy
transcendence
metaphysics
Utopian
comprehensiveness
planningasaphysicaland
technicalact,anextensionof
architectureandcivil
engineering
masterplans(e.g.UKTown
andCountryPlanningAct
1947;TasmanianTownand
CountryPlanningAct,1945
keyconcernwithaesthetics
(setofprinciplesofgood
tasteandappreciationof
beauty)
theartandscienceoforderingtheuseoflandandthe
characterandsitingofbuildingsandcommunicativeroutes
Planningdealsprimarilywithland,andisnot
economicsocialorpoliticalplanning,thoughitmay
greatlyassistintherealisationoftheaimsoftheseother
kindsofplanning(Keeble1952,1).
Survey-Analysis-Plan
SirPatrickGeddes(18541932)
GardenCityadvocateinScotland
CitiesinEvolution,1915
calledforthecompletionofa
complexcitysurveyoflocaland
regionalconditions(including
physical,social,culturaland
historical)thatshouldprecedeany
planningeffortsbylocalgovernment
boards(LeGatesandStout1996,
360)
Inshort,passableTownPlanningSchemes
maybeobtainedwithoutthispreliminary
SurveyandExhibitionwhichwedesiretoseein
eachtownandcity;butthebestpossiblecannot
beexpected.Fromtheconfusedgrowthofthe
recentindustrialpast,wetendtobeasyeteasily
contentedwithanyimprovements;this,
however,willnotlongsatisfyus,andstillless
oursuccessors.ThisActseekstoopenanew
andbetterera,andtorenderpossiblecities
whichmayagainbebeautiful:itproceedsfrom
HousingtoTown(Extension)Planning,andit
thusraisesinevitablybeforeeachmunicipality
thequestionoftownplanningatitsbestinfact
ofcitydevelopmentandcitydesign(Geddes
1915,inLeGatesandStout1996,363).
Survey-AnalysisPlan
Physical planning
Reflectedcertainvalues
underpinnedby
utopian
comprehensiveness
Anti/prourban
aestheticismintension
highlyorderedviewof
urbanstructure
assumedconsensusover
theaimsofplanningas
technicalexercise
Physical planning
Latercriticisedfor
Hubris
Poorquality
Socialblindness
Physical
determinism
Lackofempirical
grounding
Naivete
Rational
systems
Late1960snewsystemsapproach
Planningsystemsanalysisandcontrol
Environmentinterconnectedsystemofparts
Capableofbeingorganized
Capableofbeingoptimized
Indebtedtocybernetics(scienceofsystemsofcontrol
andcommunicationsinanimalsandmachines)
McLoughlin1969,UrbanandRegionalPlanninga
systemsapproach
Chadwick1971,ASystemsViewofPlanning
Faludi1973,PlanningTheory
Bruton1974,SpiritandPurposeofPlanning
Partswholeconnections
interdependence
Locationtheory
Dynamismandchangenotmaster
plansandblueprints
Indebtedto
Rational
systems
Firstprinciplesbasedonpurereason
Cleansweepredevelopment,
especiallyhousing,industry,roads
Kuhnsideasaboutparadigmshifts
Changesinlanduseandtransport
activities
Globalizationandtheriseinpowerof
theMNCs/TNCs
Demography
Ecology
Quantitativerevolution
Systematicplanningwas
substantiveplanning
(environmentalchange)
Rationalplanningwas
proceduralplanning
(processesofgoing
aboutplanning)
Bothindebtedto
scientificmethod(after
KarlPopper)
Rational
systems
Definegoals/problems
Findalternatives
Evaluatealternatives
Implementplan/policy
Monitoreffects
Rational
systems
Meansnotendsthusinstrumentalnotamodelof
substantivemoralreasoning(Taylor1998,71)
Corruptedbasedasmuchonpersuasionasprocedure
Alternativeview/critiqueLindblomdisjointed
incrementalismonlypossibleapproach
inmostsituations,planninghastobepiecemeal,
incremental,opportunisticandpragmatic,and
plannerswhodidnotorcouldnotoperateinthese
waysweregenerallyineffective(Taylor1998,71).
Backlas
h
Thebestplanisnot
alwaysthebestplan
Failureofmodernism
>urbanprotests>
challengetoutilitarian
prescriptions
(Benthamsfelicific
calculus)andlackof
distributivejustice
Ideologybehindscience
Realisation/Admission
ofthepoliticsinherent
inplanning
Backlas
h
Thequestionisnotwhetherplanningwillreflect
politicsbutwhosepoliticsitwillreflect.What
valuesandwhosevalueswillplannersseekto
implement?Inthebroadestsense[plans]
representpoliticalphilosophies,waysof
implementingdifferingconceptionsofthegood
life.Nolongercantheplannertakerefugeinthe
neutralityoftheobjectivityofthepersonally
uninvolvedscientist(N.Long1959,168).
DavidoffsrecantAdvocacy
modelofplanning
(democracyaspluralism)
Civilsocietydependsonan
informedpublic
Informedpublicderivesfrom
publicconsultation
Publicconsultationgalvanises
socialmovements
Levelsofadvocacy
Communityforums/public
meetings/focusgroups
Plannersastranslators
Levelsofparticipation
SherryArnsteinsladderof
citizenparticipation
Degrees
ofcitizen
power
Degreesof
tokenism
Informing
Therapy
manipulation
Non
participation
Rapprochement or
resentment
Politicalclaimsaccommodated
procedurallyviaconsultation
iftheplanningpowersinvolvedin
planpreparationandplan
implementationareessentially
powerstopreventthenthe
actualdevelopmentwhichdoes
takeplacedependsonthe
developers(Pickvance1977,70)
Stillcriticized(egHall,
Friedmann)for
Tokenism
Paternalism
Incompleteanalysis
Capital
Thestate
Theplanner
Thepeople
Radical alternatives
Marxist/leftistviewsofthepoliticaleconomyandplanning
Historicalmaterialism
Modesofproduction(privateownershipofmeansofproduction
andexchange)
Socialrelationsofproduction
Socialrulesandlaws(informalinstitutionalrules)
Systemsofpowerandpolitics(formalinstitutionalrules)
Powerashegemonic(Gramsci,Foucault)
Radicalplanningtheoristsviewedcapitalismasan
(imperfectly)integratedeconomicandsocialsystem,in
whichthestateandplanningwerepartandparcel(Taylor
1998,105).
Radical
alternativ
es
Planningisnecessarytotherulingclassinorderto
facilitate[capital]accumulationandmaintainsocial
controlinthefaceofclassconflict.Themodesbywhich
urbanplannersassistaccumulationincludethe
developmentofphysicalinfrastructure,landaggregation
anddevelopment,containmentofnegativeenvironmental
externalities,andthemaintenanceoflandvaluesUrban
plannersspecializeinmanagingthecontradictionsof
capitalismmanifestedinurbanformandspatial
development(FainsteinandFainstein1979,1489).
thosewhoconsciouslyseek
toredistributepower,
resources,orparticipation
awayfromlocalelitesand
towardpoorandworkingclass
cityresidents(Krumholzin
Sandercock1998,93)
WithJohnForester,Making
EquityPlanningWork(1990)
Stateandcapitalreconstituted
ascapableofcapturebythose
interestedindistributive
justicenegotiatedsettlements
Equity
planning
plan
Friedmannstheoriesof
communicativeaction(praxis?)
action
Theproblemofaction
Theproblemofthequalityofaction
Rationalaction?
plan
action
Communicativeactionas
multipleflowsratherthan
linearstagesofconsultation
Comprehensible/intelligible
Truth/veracity
Sincere
Legitimate
Normativeidealforparticipatoryprocessesinplanning
Notebasicagreementamongalltheforegoingabout
socialdemocracyandthen...
Decentralization
Privatization
Market
Minimalgovernment
Nosocietyonlyindividuals
Noplanningthecommonlaw,
privatecovenantsandnotionalland
usezoning(e.g.UKEnterprise
Zones)
Regimeandregulationtheories
Microandmacroeconomicreform
Efficiencies,competitiveneutrality
(Post)modern
refrains?
Movefromgrandnarrativestoproblemcentredplanning
Innercitydeclineurbanregeneration
Economicboomsocialinequalities
Ecologicalcrisissustainabledevelopment
Urbanuglinessurbandesign
Statecontrolpublicparticipation
Twomajorshifts
Designscience
Plannersastechniciansplannersas(social)scientists
Weretheseparadigmaticshifts,however?