BRUNER

Schools Coming Out.

Education Meets Cognition, Culture, and Anthropology

What to read
Process of Education
From Woods Hole Conference
Study of Thinking
With Goodnow and Austin

Greenfield and Bloom

Blooms 1996 work

Culture of Education
helping people

Learn to Learn by learning how to think

(Lutkehaus & Greenfield, p. 412, as cited in).

Anthropology
Psychology
Education

Mixing these with the focus on structure

Bruner and Alan Kay
How does teaching influence learning?
alan kay tedx
Bruner challenge of psychology's future
what is teaching and learning

Foundation
PSSC Short Time Intervals YouTube

Physical Sciences Study Committee [Zacharias, MIT]

Presidents Science Advisory Committee
Zacharias goal learning as knowledge, higher level
Teaching as an

Art

But refers to scientist as artist, setting

learning stage
Bruner how to make it inviting/engaging

Bruners Modes of Representation

Enactive
Iconic
Symbolic
Learning
How do they align with earlier ideas?
Bloom
Gagne
Piaget ---constructivist as well continuous? discontinuous?
Vygotsky

Bruners structural approach

Learners cognitive structures
Based on structure of current understanding of topic/discipline
Interaction of learners structure and context and tools.
Meaning is derived from culture, not physical stimulation
Structure of the INTERACTION BETWEEN
INTERNAL: learners cognitive structure
EXTERNAL: structure of discipline
MOVE FROM
PSYCHOLOGY to
SOCIAL RELATIONS to
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Discovery Learning

Lets look at each structural component

Structure of Discipline/Topic Area
who has considered the structure of the topic as important
from where does this thread continue
how has it changed/adapted to other areas of knowledge and inquiry

Learners Cognitive Processing

who has considered the structure of the topic as important
from where does this thread continue
how has it changed/adapted to other areas of knowledge and inquiry

Interaction between structure and processing

who has considered the structure of the topic as important
from where does this thread continue
how has it changed/adapted to other areas of knowledge and inquiry

Theory of Mind
This work leads to the initial construction of
Thinking about Thinking
BUT knowledge is present Structure/Construction

We can look for the importance of metacognition in

Browns work
Understanding of dualism is culturally constructed. Is
a
Result of
And

Important to
education, performance, understanding

Bruner continues to bring to light

The importance of the purpose of research
Theoretical focus on Cognition through the Center for

Cognitive Studies at Harvard

Application through Educational Services, Inc.

MACOS: Man, A Course of Study

Human evolution
Evolution of culture as human adaptation
What is human how to be more human
what did Bloom suggest?
Focuses curriculum away from skills and detailed facts to

the why How and hmmm sort of aspects of

education
INDUCTIVE approachis it similar to Skinner in some way

Lack of distinction between

Object of Thought

and

Thought

What are the implications of this finding

Proposed

as lack of dualism between physical/psychological

ROLE OF LANGUAGEVERBAL VS WRITTEN
Recall the importance of metacognition in Browns work
Understanding of dualism is culturally constructed
Result of
And
Important to
education, performance, understanding

Contributions of Patricia Greenfield

Natural experiment
Senegal: The role of schooling ahh alas
no difference between schooled children on cognitive

reasoning in very different locations

Difference between unschool and schooled children in

both locations.
LOOKING AT THE FINDINGS BY LOOKING AT the What,

How and Why of the data i.e., asking questions about

what was found.

Interesting point made in chapter

Cronbach has noted, others have pointed out by

asking questions about what we find that

We often dont see our own framework as
thoroughly integrated into our questions, our
answers, and our analyses
What was pointed out by the chapter author

here?

If understanding is a cultural construction based on

educational experiences then
Social implications of education and cultural

responsibility
Within the political context as education as

strength/power
Implications of inadequate education as a social issue

Could it be that
Our cognitive structures reflect the interaction of what

we are presented with and how we interact with that

information?....Dewey, Skinner, Thorndike, Bloomand
POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS
Is this learning?
big bang season 10 episode 8

What about this?

Our cognitive structures reflect the interaction of what

we are presented with and how we interact with that

information?....Dewey, Skinner, Thorndike, Bloomand

And the role of culture is not only in the implications

of education and power but

Appropriateness?
Fear?
or is it still Power?
But a different cultural aspect
These are the things you can consider within a theoretical,
discipline-rich framework
now that you have these new tools as part of your cognitive
structure woo hoo but, the downside [or benefit] is that now
you have to give them that level of thought

Application through programming

Bromley-Heath infant-child care center and

Curriculum
Where in Quadrant?
Look at the collection of disciplines/expertise that combined

to construct program
Cognitive Theorists
Pediatrician
Educator

Bruner.Future of Psych

And what about Head Start?

Education and the focus on

logical thinking and problem solving
Lets consider this just from the perspective of

measurements of intelligence
Stanford-Binet
K-ABC and Sternbergs Theory of Triarchic

Intelligence
3 components

Gardners Multiple Intelligences

Why is the discussion/inclusion of narrative mode

noted as important when discussing Bridging

Cultures work.

Of note:
The issue of learning of math and science and the USAs

lag behind Russian space flight lead to the conclusion

that:
This learning and addressing this gap was too important
to the welfare of the nation to leave to educators
How did that influence the direction of education and

psychology
Who was at Woods Hole Conference funded by NSF?
What was discussed:
Cognitive processes
Structure of learning
Analytic abilities
Aids to teaching thinking analytically