Lathe Machine Parts, Types & Operations Guide

LECTURE NO.
3 & 4
Lathe, Types & Operations
Engr. M. Waqar Akram,

Engr. Azlan Zahid
02/11/17 1
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
To develop an understanding of:
Lathe Machine & its parts

Types of Lathe Machine
Lathe Operations
02/11/17 Engr. M. Waqar Akram, Engr. Azlan Zahid 2

Introduction
Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal
from a piece of work to the required shape &
size.

Component Description

Head Stock
Assembly
Lathe
Carriage
Machine
Assembly
Tail Stock
Assembly

Head stock
The headstock houses the main spindle, speed change
mechanism and change gears.
Mounted on the left side of the machine
Gear system
Controlling unit
Made of grey cast iron

Spindle
This is the main rotating shaft on which the chuck
or other work holding device is mounted. The main
spindle is generally hollow to allow long bars to
extend through to the work area, this reduces
preparation and waste of material. The spindle then
runs in precision bearing and is fitted with some
means of attaching work holding devices such as
chucks.

Gear Box: The spindle was directly driven by a
dedicated electric motor using gear box. The fully
geared head allows the speed selection to be done
entirely through the gear box.
Chuck: A Clamping device for holding work
piece in the lathe or for holding drills in the
tailstock. A chuck is usually equipped with 3 or 4
jaws.
3 jaw chuck: Generally have a geared-scroll design that
makes the jaw self centering: they are used for round work-
pieces, such as bar stock, pipes and tubing
4 jaw chuck: It has jaws that can be moved and adjusted
independently of each other. They can be used for square,
rectangular, odd shaped workpiece.
Tail Stock
The tailstock is a tool header directly mounted on the spindle
axis opposite to the head stock.
Lower casting -------- move longitudinally
Upper casting -------- move transversely
Tail stock quill, hollow steel cylinder 1-3 diameter which can
move longitudinally in and out the upper casting with hand
wheel
Tailstock Spindle:-
It does not rotate but does travel
longitudinally under the action of
hand wheel.

Carriage
Carriage holds the tool bit and moves it longitudinally
(turning) or perpendicularly (facing) under the control of
operator. Carriage can move manually via the hand wheel
or automatically by engaging the feed shaft with the
carriage feed mechanism. The hand wheels on carriage
and its related slides are usually calibrated both for ease of
use and to assist in making reproducible cuts.
Carriage assembly
1-Saddle
The casting that fits onto the top of bed and slides along it
is known as saddle. It moves only longitudinally.
2-Apron : Front part of the carriage assembly on which
carriage hand wheel is mounted
Ways / rails: Precision ground surface along the top of
the bed on which apron rides.
Feed and Lead screw: The feed screw is a long drive

shaft that allows a series of gears to drive the carriage
mechanisms. These gears are located in apron of
carriage. Both the feed screw and lead screw are driven
by either the change gears or an intermediate gear box,
known as quick change gear box.

Chip Pan: It is a pan in the center of the machine
in which the chips fall which are formed during
work.
Bed: The bed is a robust base that connects to the

headstock and permits the carriage and tailstock
to be aligned parallel with the axis of spindle. This
is facilitated by hardened and ground ways. Types
of beds include inverted V beds, flat beds and
combination V and flat bed. V and combination
beds are used for precision and light duty work
while flat beds are used for heavy duty work.

Lathe size is indicated by the swing
and the length of the bed
Types of Lathe
1. Speed lathe
2. Workshop lathe
3. Engine lathe
4. Tool room lathe
5. Special type lathe or turret lathe
6. CNC Lathe

1. Speed lathe

2. Workshop lathe

3. Engine lathe

I. Bench type

II. Pedestal type

4. Tool room lathe

5. Special type lathe or turret lathe

6. CNC Lathe
It is the most advanced featured and electronically
controlled lathe machine for ease of operation with
consistent and accurate output.
It requires very low human intervenes during the

operation.
CNC lathe is completely automized with computer

program and required skilled worker having the
knowledge of computer operation to handle the machine.

Applications of Lathes
Lathe is one of the most used engineering machines for
various industries and has different applications.
Lathe machines are used in automobile, repairing shops,

tool rooms, workshops of various industries like
automobiles, power plants, steel rolling mills, paper,
textile and mining industries etc.

Lathe Operations
Following operations can be performed on a lathe:
1.Cutting
2.Facing
3.Drilling
4.Turning
5.Boring
6.Reaming
7.Knurling
8.Finishing

Turning
Work piece held in jaws
Mostly right hand tool used
Such tool feed from right to left towards head
stock assembly
Most turning starts from
roughing then finishing cut

Types of Turning

Straight turning is used to reduce the diameter of a
part to a desired dimension (Figure 3.5.3a). The
resulting machined surface is cylindrical.
Contour turning and Taper turning (Figure 3.5.3b)
are performed by employing a complex feed motion
using special attachments to a single point turning
tool thus creating a contoured shape on the
workpiece.
Facing (Figure 3.5.3c) is done to create a smooth, flat
face perpendicular to the axis of a cylindrical part.
The tool is fed radially or axially to create a flat
machined surface.
Thread cutting (Figure 3.5.3d) is possible in lathe by
advancing the cutting tool at a feed exactly equal to
the thread pitch.
In form turning (Figure 3.5.3e), the shape of the
cutting tool is imparted to the workpiece by
plunging the tool into the workpiece. In form
turning, the cutting tool can be very complex and
expensive but the feed will remain linear and will
not require special machine tools or devices.
Boring (Figure 3.5.3f) is similar to straight turning

operation but differs in the fact that it can produce
internal surface of revolution, which is often
considered to be difficult due to overhanging
condition of the tool.

Types of Turning

Step Turning

Facing:

Drilling:

Boring:

Reaming:

Knurling:

Finishing: to achieve superior surface finish
up to mirror-like finishing and very close
dimensional precision. The finishing operations
are assigned as the last operations in typical
single part
production
cycle usually
after the
conventional
or abrasive
machining
operations.

Thread cutting:

Threads
Used for holding parts together, making
adjustments, and transmitting power and
motion
Art of producing threads continually
improved
Massed-produced by taps, dies, thread
rolling, thread milling, and grinding
55-46
Thread
Helical ridge of uniform section formed on
inside or outside of cylinder or cone
Used for several purposes
Fasten devices such as screws, bolts, studs,
and nuts
Provide accurate measurement, as in
micrometer
Transmit motion
Increase force
55-47
Thread
Terminology
Pitch
Distance from point on one thread to corresponding point on
next thread, measured parallel to axis
Lead
Distance screw thread advances axially in one revolution.
Depth of thread
Distance between crest and root measured perpendicular to
axis
Angle of thread
Included angle between sides of thread measured in axial plane
Helix angle
Angle that thread makes with plane perpendicular to thread
axis
Milling
Milling is a process of producing flat and complex shapes
with the use of multi-point (or multi-tooth) cutting tool.
Milling is usually an interrupted cutting operation since
the teeth of the milling cutter enter and exit the
workpiece during each revolution.
Two basic types of milling operations:
Down milling, when the cutter rotation is in the same
direction as the motion of the workpiece being fed, and
up milling.
In up milling, the cutting action tends to lift the
workpiece and hence, proper fixture is required in this
operation. , in which the workpiece is moving towards
the cutter, opposing the cutter direction of rotation
Depending on the orientation and geometry of the
milling tool, several varieties of milling operations
are possible.
1.In peripheral milling (Figure 3.5.5a), also referred
to as plain milling, the axis of the cutter is parallel to
the surface being machined, and the operation is
performed by the cutting edges on the outside
periphery of the tool. The primary motion is the
rotation of the tool. The feed is imparted to the
workpiece.
2.In face milling (Figure 3.5.5b), the tool is
perpendicular to the machined surface. The tool axis is
vertical, and machining is performed by the teeth on
both the end and the periphery of the face-milling tool.

3. In form milling (Figure 3.5.5c), the cutting edges
of the peripheral tool (also referred to as form cutter)
have a special profile that is imparted to the
workpiece. Tools with various profiles are also
available to cut different two-dimensional surfaces.
One important application of form milling is in gear
manufacturing.
4. Surface contouring (Figure 3.5.5d), is an

operation performed by computer controlled milling
machines in which a ball-end mill is fed back and
forth across the workpiece along a curvilinear path
at close intervals to produce complex three-
dimensional surfaces.
Grinding
Grinding is the most popular form of abrasive
machining. It involves an abrasive tools consisting of
grain of hard materials which are forced to rub against
the workpiece removing a very small amount of
material.
Due to the random orientation of grains and some
uncontrollable cutting condition, the selection of
proper parameters often becomes difficult.
Grinding can be performed to produce flat as well as
cylindrical (both external and internal) surface
efficiently.
Grinding is applied when the material is too hard to
be machined economically.
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LECTURE NO.

Lathe, Types & Operations

Engr. M. Waqar Akram,

Lathe Machine & its parts

02/11/17 Engr. M. Waqar Akram, Engr. Azlan Zahid 2

02/11/17 Engr. M. Waqar Akram, Engr. Azlan Zahid 3

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Feed and Lead screw: The feed screw is a long drive

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Bed: The bed is a robust base that connects to the

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It requires very low human intervenes during the

CNC lathe is completely automized with computer

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Lathe machines are used in automobile, repairing shops,

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Boring (Figure 3.5.3f) is similar to straight turning

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4. Surface contouring (Figure 3.5.5d), is an

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