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Chapter 4 Health Hazards
Chapter 4 Health Hazards
HEALTH HAZARDS
LECTURED BY:
MARIAM BINTI ABDUL HAMID
HEALTH HAZARDS
SUBTOPIC
4.1 Introduction to Health Hazard and Hygiene
4.2 Chemical Hazards
4.3 Physical Hazards
4.4 Biological Hazards
HEALTH HAZARDS
HISTORY
In 5th century BC, Hippocrates, a Greek doctor
initiated scientific foundation to make a link
between the adverse effects suffered by lead
workers and their exposure to metal.
HEALTH HAZARDS
.
In 18th century, Rammazini an Italian doctor also
known as Father of Occupational Medicine
published books on diseases related to exposures
of metals, dusts and some chemical and also the
importance of physician to inquire patients
occupation.
HEALTH HAZARDS
HAZARD TYPES
Acute
Immediate in their effects and relatively simple
control.
Chronic
Difficult to assess or identify as they may take
a long time to have any effect.
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Anticipate
Identify/Recognise
Assess/Evaluate
Control
Review
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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Eliminate
Substitute
Isolate
Engineering control
Administrative control
PPE
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OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation includes the medical treatment which
assist recovery, as well as management of the process
which helps people stay at or return to work.
HEALTH HAZARDS
SUB-TOPIC
4.2.1 Legal Provision
4.2.2 How Chemical Affect Health
4.2.3 Dangerous Situation Increasing Risk Exposure
4.3.4 Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
HEALTH HAZARDS
DIRECT CONTACT
Direct contact with corrosive chemical such as alkali or
acid
Irritant chemicals cause skin to flare up
Cause skin allergy example nickel
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INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
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INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
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INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
HEALTH HAZARDS
INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
HEALTH HAZARDS
INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
HEALTH HAZARDS
Objectives of CSDS
Understand the safety recommendation and their rationales
Realize the results of failure to comply to safety requirements
OSH (Prohibition of Use of Substance) Order 1999
Identify symptoms of over exposure
Obtain input for the formulation of strategies and
recommendation in the safe use of hazardous chemicals
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Legal Provision
Regulation 9(1) of the OSH (Classification, Packaging
and Labeling) Regulations 1997
Requires supplier to prepare and provide CSDS for every
hazardous chemical supplied.
Supplier is defined as the party supplying the chemical to the
user which includes formulators, manufacturers, importers or
distributors.
Supplier also required to review CSDS regularly
The information required must be with the objective to protect
the safety and health of the worker, and not for use for any
reason.
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Mandatory Information
There are 15 types information required
Chemical product itself and the company identification
Composition of the ingredients that clearly identifies the
hazardous chemical for the purpose of conducting a hazard
evaluation.
Hazard identification
First aid measures
Accidental release measures
Handling and storage
Exposure control and PPE
Physical and chemical properties
Stability and reactivity
Toxicology information
Ecological information
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Disposal information
Transportation information
Date of preparation of CSDS
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SUB-TOPIC
4.3.1 Noise
4.3.2 Vibration
4.3.3 Heat Stress
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4.3.1 NOISE
DEFINITION
Sound
Generated by mechanical vibrations that can be detected by
human ears.
It is a force carried out through various mediums (air, water,
solids)
Noise
Unwanted sound
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COMPONENTS
1 cycle
Frequency A
Frequency
Number of vibrations per
second B
Unit Hertz (Hz)
Frequency B > Frequency A
intensity
x
A
Amplitude
Peak magnitude or maximum
movement of the sound wave.
Unit decibel (dBA) B
Amplitude of B > A
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TYPE OF NOISE
Continuous noise
Noise that has the sound intensity between maximum and
minimum less than 3 dBA.
amplitude
changing of
amplitude < 3 dB
time
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Fluctuation noise
Noise that has varying intensity levels from high to low over 3 dBA.
> 3 dB
amplitude
time
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Impulse noise
Noise that has high intensity within a short duration such as the
sound of a bullet shot.
>1s
amplitud
e
< 0.5 s
time
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Interval noise
Noise that occurs at certain durations and may repeat at certain
intervals
< 3 dB
amplitude
< 3 dB
time
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PEL
Continuous noise
For 8 hours: 90 dBA
Ceiling limit: 115 dBA
Impulse noise
Ceiling limit: 140 dBA
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OCCUPATIONS AT RISK
Mining
Quarrying
Construction
Manufacturing
Textile
Etc.
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HEALTH EFFECT
CONTROL MEASURES
Engineering controls
Substitution of less noisy equipment
Isolation of noisy equipment from main area
Administrative controls
Proper risk assessment before purchase noisy equipment
Reduction of exposure to noise
Training and lectures
Have written policy to ensure safe work practice
Exposure monitoring
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Health monitoring
Once annually
Exposure PEL
Initial hearing test shows that there is hearing problem
Hearing Threshold Standard
Once every 2 years for noise exposure between 85-90 dBA
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AUDIOMETRIC BOOTH
Audiometric
booth
audiometer
printer
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4.3.1 VIBRATION
DEFINITION
Vibration
Refer to movement of solids where the amplitude and frequency
produced may cause harmful to those exposed.
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HEALTH EFFECT
INTRODUCTION
Heat stress occurs when the bodys
means of controlling its internal
temperature starts to fail. As well as air
temperature, factors such as work rate,
humidity and clothing worn while working
may lead to heat stress.
- Heat stroke
- Heat exhaustion
- Heat syncope
- Heat cramp
- Heat rash
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Heat Stroke
- Occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature: the body's
temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is
unable to cool down.
First Aid
- Can cause death.
Symptom
Heat Exhaustion
- Heat exhaustion is the body's response to an excessive loss of the water and
salt, usually through excessive sweating.
Heat Syncope
- is a fainting/dizziness, usually occurs with prolonged standing or sudden rising
from a sitting or lying position. Factors that may contribute to heat syncope
include dehydration and lack of acclimatization.
Symptom
Light-headedness
Dizziness
Fainting
First Aid
Heat Cramp
- Usually affect workers who sweat a lot during strenuous activity.
- Low salt levels in muscles causes painful cramps.
- May also be a symptom of heat exhaustion
Symptom
First Aid
Heat Rash
- Is a skin irritation caused by excessive sweating during hot, humid weather.
Symptom
First Aid
INTRODUCTION
Community and employee
awareness
Identification of biological
agents that cause Legionnaire
disease, Hepatitis B and HIV
Industries such as agriculture,
health care, biotechnology,
research and clinical
laboratories
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DEFINITIONS
Biological agent
Includes living micro-organisms such as viruses and
bacteria capable of exuding toxins, exposure to which
may cause disease or death in human, animals and
plants.
Etiological agent
Agent that causes the actual contraction of disease.
Infection
Attacks of pathogenic organism on the body, which
may or may not cause contraction of disease.
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Bio-safety
An area of science that serve to disconnect chains of
infection.
Agent
Physical, radiological, chemical or biological entity
that may cause certain effects upon exposure.
Host
Host where the agent is present (example: human)
Environment
Includes living and non-living things (biosphere,
atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere)
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Environmen Environment
t
- Population density
- Medical support facilities
- Weather (wind, temperature)
- Social, politics, ethics
- Facility design
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ANOTHER FACTORS
CHAIN OF INFECTION
Patogen
Takungan
Pelepasan
dari
takungan
Transmisi
melalui
persekitan
Tapak
kemasukan
Hos
rentan
Control of infection = break any connection between chain
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Administrative controls
Establish a bio-safety committee
Appoint bio-safety officer (BSO Bio Safety Level III & IV)
Physical containment
Based on bio-safety level
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