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GPS Surveying Techniques Explained

GPS uses satellites to transmit timing signals to receivers on Earth. There are three segments - space, control, and user. Signals contain carrier waves and codes to determine range. Ranging from multiple satellites determines position to centimeter precision. Positions can be expressed in Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates or latitude, longitude, and ellipsoidal height on the WGS-84 ellipsoid. Factors like satellite geometry, atmospheric effects, and multipath can impact accuracy. Different GPS surveying techniques are suited to tasks like referencing control points or setting out construction stakes.

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501 views21 pages

GPS Surveying Techniques Explained

GPS uses satellites to transmit timing signals to receivers on Earth. There are three segments - space, control, and user. Signals contain carrier waves and codes to determine range. Ranging from multiple satellites determines position to centimeter precision. Positions can be expressed in Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates or latitude, longitude, and ellipsoidal height on the WGS-84 ellipsoid. Factors like satellite geometry, atmospheric effects, and multipath can impact accuracy. Different GPS surveying techniques are suited to tasks like referencing control points or setting out construction stakes.

Uploaded by

salmoun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

BASEM

GPS and Surveying


Space Segment
Control Segment
User Segment
Satellite Signal Structure
L1 = 19 cm


L2 = 24 cm

Carrier

Code
Satellite Signal Structure
Carrier L1 L2
Frequency 1575.42 MHz 1227.60 MHz
Wavelength 19cm 24cm

Code Modulation C/A-code -


P(Y)-code P(Y)-code
NAVDATA NAVDATA

C/A - Coarse Acquisition Code


P - Precise Code (Y-Code when encrypted)
NAVDATA - Satellite health, satellite clock corrections, ephemeris
parameters and SV orbital parameters.
Satellite Ranging
Fourth measurement will decide between two points
Satellite Range based on
Code Measurement

measure time difference


between same part of code

from satellite

from ground receiver


The Integer Ambiguity
= First Partial Wavelength
N = Integer Ambiguity N


Solving for the Integer
Ambiguity yields
centimeter precision
Carrier Phase Results
su r ed
Mea

uced
Red

Baseline or Vector
(cm precision)
Azi = 212o 42 49.8244 X = -408.251 m
Dist = 557.053 m OR Y = -84.830 m
Elev = 4 .875 m Z = -369.413 m
ECEF Coordinate System
ECEF +Z
X = -2691542.5437 m
Y = -4301026.4260 m
Z = 3851926.3688 m

Z
Y
X

-Y

+X
Reference Ellipsoid
a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis
(a b)
Flattening f
a

latitude
H
longitude
H ellipsoidal height
b

a
WGS-84 Ellipsoid a
a = 6378137.000000 m
b = 6356752.314245 m
1/f = 298.2572235630
ECEF and WGS-84
ECEF +Z WGS-84
X = -2691542.5437 m = 37o 23 26.38035 N
Y = -4301026.4260 m = 122o 02 16.62574 W
Z = 3851926.3688 m H = -5.4083 m

H
b
Z
Y
X a

-Y

+X
GPS Heights vs. Elevations

ce
rf a
s Su

th
H Ea
r
e e H
N e H soid
N El
lip

N
e = Orthometric Height
H = Ellipsoid Height
e oid
N = Geoid Height G

e=H-N
Good Satellite Geometry
Poor Satellite Geometry
Atmospheric Effects

Ionosp
here
Tropos
phere

< 10 km > 10 km
Multipath
GPS Surveying Techniques
Technique for Survey Task
Questions ?

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