Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-Storied RC Buildings Using According To

Seismic Analysis/Design of
Multi-storied RC Buildings
using STAAD.Pro & ETABS
according to IS:1893-2002
Presented by .
Rahul Leslie
Assistant Director,
Buildings Design,
DRIQ, Kerala PWD
Trivandrum, India
1
Topics Covered:
Computer modelling and analysis using
STAAD.Pro & ETABS for
Seismic Coefficient method as per IS:1893
(Part 1)-2002
Response Spectrum method as per
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002
Miscellaneous points
2
Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie
Aspects of Computer Model:
Modelling is done using analysis packages like
STAAD.Pro, STRAP, NISA Des. Studio, ETABS,
GT STRUDL, RISA-3D, MIDAS-Gen, etc.
Model contains
Beams
Columns
Shear walls
But not usually
Slabs (except in Flat slab - Shear wall construction)
Masonry wall infills
Stair slabs
Foundation is represented by support points only
3
4
Model for ETABS: B+G+4=6 stories
5
ETABS Model
6
ETABS Model
7
8
Model for STAAD: G+4 = 5 stories
9
STAAD Model
10
STAAD Model
11
Aspects of Computer Model (Cont)
A model must ideally represent the complete three
dimensional (3D) characteristics of the building,
including
geometry
stiffness of various members
supports
load distribution
mass distribution
12
Beams and columns
Beams and columns are modelled by frame elements
Plinth beams should also be modelled as beams
Slabs are not usually modelled
13
Supports:
The type of support to be provided is decided by
considering the degree of fixity provided by the
foundation.
Fixed Supports:
Raft foundation: Support to be provided at the column
ends (located at top of the raft)
Pile cap for multiple piles: Support to be provided at the
column ends (located at top of the pile cap)
Isolated footing: When it is founded on hard rock, the
column end may be modelled as fixed (located at the top
of the footing)
Single pile: Fixed support of the column is recommended
at a depth of five to ten times the diameter of pile,
depending upon the type of soil, from the top of pile cap.
14
Supports (cont):
Pinned supports:
Isolated footing: Support to be provided at the column
ends, (located at the bottom of the foundation).
Spring supports:
Spring supports can be provided with spring constants ,
eg., as per ASCE/SEI 41(2006)
In General
Engineering judgement must be exercised in modelling the
support
15
Slabs and Masonry walls
The weight of slabs are distributed, as 2-way load, on
the supporting beams.
The weight of masonry walls are applied as uniform
load on the supporting beam
16
Slabs and Masonry walls
Since the slabs are not modelled by plate elements, the
structural effect due to their in-plane stiffness (7.7.2.1,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002) can be taken into account by
using Master/Slave option (STAAD.Pro)
assigning Diaphragm action (ETABS , STAAD.Pro V8i
Sel.4)
17
Assign diaphragms: select all slabs in a storey and
ETABS: Floor Diaphragm
18
19
20
STAAD: Floor Diaphragm
21
STAAD: Floor Diaphragm
22
Shear walls
Structural shear walls and Shear core which are
integrally connected to the frame and floor slabs, can
be modelled by plate elements
Surface elements (STAAD.Pro)
Wall element (ETABS)
23
Analysis as per IS:1893-2002
Seismic Coefficient Method

(Static Analysis)
24
Static analysis:
The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is
calculated from (6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
Zone factor Z (Table 2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)

Importance factor I (Table 6, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
Response reduction coefficient R (Table 7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
Horizontal Acceleration coefficient Sa/g
25
Static analysis:
Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined
from the Response spectrum curve (Fig.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)
26
Static analysis (cont):
27
28
Static analysis:
The time period of the structure is determined using
(7.6.1 & 7.6.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
RC frames without brick infills
h = height of building in m
RC frames with brick infills
d = base dimension in m
(parallel to direction of earthquake)
29
Where the type of soils are
Type I (Rock or Hard soil): N > 30, among other descriptions
Type II (Medium soils): 10 N 30 for all soils
N >15 for poorly graded, among
other descriptions
Type III (Soft soils): N < 10
(Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
30
Cl.6.4.4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002
31
Static analysis:
Importance factor (Table 6, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
I = 1.5 for special buildings
I = 1.0 for other buildings
Response reduction factor (Table 7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)

R = 3 for ordinary detailing (with ordinary detailed shear
wall, if any)
R = 5 for ductile detailing (with ductile detailed shear wall, if
any) ie., as per IS:13920-1993
R = 4 for ductile detailing with ordinary detailed shear wall
R = 4.5 for ordinary detailing with ductile detailed shear wall
32
The base shear is determined by (7.5.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)
Design lateral force for each level is determined by

(7.7.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
33
A Simple Example
A six storied structure
34
Lumped mass model
35
height 18 m
Period 0.075x(18)0.75 = 0.6554 sec (Assumed to be open structure)
36
height 18 m
Period 0.6554 sec
Sa/g 1.5258
Ah 0.0407 = (ZI)/(2R) x sa/g
= (0.16*1)/(2*3) * 1.5258
W*(Wh2/
Levels W (kN) h (m) Wh2 Wh2) Qi (kN)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 23.57 3 212.13 1.5541 0.0632
3 23.57 6 848.52 6.2163 0.2529
4 23.57 9 1909.17 13.9866 0.5691
5 23.57 12 3394.08 24.8651 1.0117
6 23.57 15 5303.25 38.8516 1.5807
7 23.57 18 7636.68 55.9464 2.2763
W 141.42 (kN) 19303.83 141.42 kN 5.7539 kN
Vb 5.7539 (kN)
37
The forces are applied and analysed
38
The forces are applied
39
Seismic Coeff. method
ETABS: STAAD:
Define & Apply Seismic Define Seismic parameters:
parameters: Z, I, R
Direction Structure Type or
T Tx & Tz
Z, I, R Soil Type
Soil Type Damping ratio
Apply
Direction (X, Y,Z), factor
40
ETABS: Seismic coeff. method
41
STAAD: Seismic coeff. method
42
STAAD: Seismic coeff. method
43
Masses to be included:
For seismic analysis, the effective masses to be
included for analysis are :
Full dead load
0.25 times Imposed Loads having intensity 3 kN/m2
0.5 times Imposed Loads having intensity > 3 kN/m2
Imposed Load on roof need not be considered
(7.3.1,7.3.2 & Table 8, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
Live load reduction for upper floors (as per 3.2, IS:875(Part 2)
- 1987) shall not be applied further for mass calculation
(7.3.3, IS:1893(Part 1) - 2002)
44
Add Seismic Masses
EATBS STAAD
Select loads to Add self wt., Joint
combine loads, Member loads,
Floor loads
OR
Put lumped mass
45
Define Mass Source:-
ETABS: Seismic masses

46
STAAD: Seismic masses
47
48
49
50
51
STAAD.Pro V8i SELECT 4

52
53
Results of Seismic Analysis
Bending Moment & Shear Force
Gravity Loads Bending Moment

Gravity Loads Shear Force
Seismic Loads Bending Moment
Seismic Loads Shear Force
54
Load combinations: will be covered later
55
ETABS: Run Analysis
56
ETABS: Gravity Loads Bending Moment
57
ETABS: Gravity Loads Shear Force
58
ETABS: Seismic Force in Z direction Bending Moment
59
ETABS: Seismic Force in Z direction Shear Force
60
STAAD: Run Analysis 61
STAAD: Gravity Loads Bending Moment
62
STAAD: Gravity Loads Shear Force
63
STAAD: Seismic force in Z direction Bending Moment
64
STAAD: Seismic force in Z direction Shear Force
65
Analysis as per IS:1893-2002
Response Spectrum Method

(Dynamic Analysis)
66
Response spectrum analysis:
Response spectrum analysis is performed using multi-
mode responses, where the free vibration modes are
computed using
Eigen vector analysis (STAAD.Pro)
Eigen vector or Ritz Vector analysis (ETABS)
The modal parameters for a structure come as pairs of
Natural Frequency f (in Hz)
Mode shape
The modal parameters for few of the lower frequencies
are considered for further calculations (7.8.4.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002), based on the following;
Modes for frequencies > 33 Hz need not be considered
The no. of modes considered should be such that the total
mass participation factor should be at least 90%
Missing mass correction for modes beyond 33Hz 67
Response spectrum analysis (cont):
For the modal parameters considered, the following
factors are determined for each mode
Mode participation factor of each mode Pk
Mass participation factor for each mode Mk
Spectral Acceleration coefficient (Sa/g)
The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is

calculated for each mode from (6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)
Zone factor Z
Importance factor I
Response reduction coefficient R 68
AnalysisSpectral
Seismic of Multi-storiedAcceleration
RC Building coefficient S /g Presented by Rahul Leslie
Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined
from the Response spectrum curve (Fig.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)
69
The lateral force due to the modal response
(considering the mode participation factor) is obtained
for each mode of all the modes considered. The the
force at each level for each mode is calculated as
(7.8.4.5 (c), IS:1893(Part 1)-2002):
Where
Ak is the design horizontal seismic coefficient
ik is the mode shape value for that floor level
Pk is mode participation factor
Wi is mass at that floor level
70
The Same Simple Example
A six storied structure
71
Lumped mass model
72
Natural Frequencies
EIGEN VALUES
MODAL ANALSYS
EIGEN VECTORS
Mode Shapes
73
Different types of modes: 1.Translational mode in X direction
74
Different types of modes: 2.Translational mode in Y direction
75
Different types of modes: 3.Torsional mode
76
Mode 1
Freq. = 1.44119 Hz
Period = 0.69387 sec
Mode shape = 0
0.1513
0.3687
0.5796
0.7631
0.9059
1
77
Mode 2
Freq. = 4.51039 Hz
Period = 0.22171 sec
Mode shape = 0
-0.5293
-1
-0.9604
-0.4110
0.36629
0.98395
78
Modes I II III IV V
Levels Mode Shapes

1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.151 -0.53 0.824 -1 1
3 0.369 -1 0.861 -0.047 -0.836
4 0.58 -0.96 -0.24 0.999 0.027
5 0.763 -0.41 -1 -0.265 0.813
6 0.906 0.366 -0.38 -0.902 -0.989
7 1 0.984 0.804 0.606 0.415
Period
(sec) 0.694 0.222 0.123 0.085 0.065
Freq(Hz) 1.441 4.51 8.098 11.78 15.31
79
Check Mass Participation (7.8.4.5(a), IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
For kth mode,
Where, n = no. of levels

m = no. of modes
Mode I II III IV V
Mk(kN) 115.5 16.31 5.424 2.686 1.237
Participating mass =115.5+16.31+5.424+2.686+1.237=141.183kN
Total mass = 23.57 x 6 = 141.42 kN
Mass participation = 100x141.183/141.42 = 99.8326% > 90% .:Okay

80
Calculate Mode Participation factors (7.8.4.5(b), IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
For kth mode,
Where, n = no. of levels
Mode I II III IV V
Pk 1.30049 -0.44635 0.26529 -0.18718 0.12223
81
Calculate Mode Participation factors
+
+
+
x 0.12223
+
x -0.18718
x 0.26529
x -0.44635
x 1.30049
82
Calculate Mode Participation factors
(Had all the mode

shapes been utilized)
83
Modes I II III IV V
s W W
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.1513 -0.5293 0.8237 -1 1 23.57 3.566 -12.48 19.415 -23.57 23.57
3 0.3688 -1 0.8614 -0.0466 -0.8364 23.57 8.692 -23.57 20.303 -1.097 -19.71
4 0.5796 -0.9604 -0.239 0.999 0.0268 23.57 13.66 -22.64 -5.6354 23.547 0.631
5 0.7631 -0.4111 -1 -0.2653 0.8128 23.57 17.99 -9.689 -23.57 -6.253 19.16
6 0.906 0.3663 -0.382 -0.9023 -0.9892 23.57 21.35 8.6335 -9.0113 -21.27 -23.32
7 1 0.984 0.8038 0.6064 0.4154 23.57 23.57 23.192 18.946 14.292 9.791
88.83 -36.55 20.447 -14.35 10.12
Mk 115.5 16.313 5.4243 2.6859 1.2369

W2
0 0 0 0 0
Pk 1.300 -0.4464 0.2653 -0.1872 0.1222
0.54 6.6043 15.992 23.57 23.57
3.206 23.57 17.488 0.0511 16.49
7.919 21.74 1.3474 23.524 0.017
13.73 3.9826 23.57 1.659 15.57
19.34 3.1623 3.4452 19.19 23.07
23.57 22.819 15.228 8.6658 4.067
68.3 81.879 77.072 76.66 82.78
84
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065
Sa/g 1.4411 2.5 2.5 1.1273 1.0979
85
Calculate Design horizontal seismic coefficient
Z = Zone factor = 0.16

I = Importance factor =1
R = Response reduction coefficient =3
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065

Sa/g 1.441 2.5 2.5 1.1273 1.0979
Ah 0.0384 0.0667 0.0667 0.0300 0.0292
86
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode
0 0 0
Eg: - for mode 1 : 0.151 23.57 0.178
0.369 23.57 0.434
0.0384 x 1.30049 x = kN
0.58 * 23.57 0.683
0.763 23.57 0.899
0.906 23.57 1.067
1 23.57 1.178
87
Combining Modes:
(a) Indirect method
(Supported by all codes
IS, BS, EC, etc.)
88
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode
Mode I II III IV V
Levels Qik (kN)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.178 0.371 0.343 0.133 0.084
3 0.434 0.701 0.359 0.006 -0.071
4 0.683 0.674 -0.1 -0.133 0.002
5 0.899 0.288 -0.42 0.035 0.069
6 1.067 -0.26 -0.16 0.12 -0.083
7 1.178 -0.69 0.335 -0.08 0.035
89
From each mode characteristics
90
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode apply and
91
Analyse for forces, and combine the forces to get final forces
92
Analyse for forces, and combine the forces to get final forces
93
Combining Modes:
(a) Direct method
(Supported by FEMA 356, etc.
for Non-linear Static Analysis*)
*Pushover Analysis
94
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode and combined
Mode I II III IV V SRSS

Levels Qik (kN)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.178 0.371 0.343 0.133 0.084 0.559
3 0.434 0.701 0.359 0.006 -0.071 0.903
4 0.683 0.674 -0.1 -0.133 0.002 0.973
5 0.899 0.288 -0.42 0.035 0.069 1.035
6 1.067 -0.26 -0.16 0.12 -0.083 1.119
7 1.178 -0.69 0.335 -0.08 0.035 1.409
Eg: - for level 7:
SRSS = [(1.178)2 + (-0.69)2 + (0.335)2 + (-0.08)2 + (0.035)2] = 1.409
95
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode and combined
96
The forces are applied and analysed
97
Indirect method Direct method
98
Combination of modal responses with
(1) Dominant mode:
When activated, all modal combination results will
have the same sign as the dominant mode shape alone
would have if it were excited and then the scaled
results were used as a static displacements result.
(2) Signed value:

This option results in the creation of signed values for
all results. The sum of squares of positive values from
the modes are compared to sum of squares of negative
values from the modes. If the negative values are
larger, the result is given a negative sign.
99
Methods of mode combinations
IS:1893 and other sources
100
Mode frequencies an overview:
Out-of-phase modes In-phase modes
OR ZPA OR
Periodic Response Rigid Response
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 (Hz)
93.223 % 33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
Modal Combination Missing Mass

(ABS, SRSS,CQC, etc.) Correction
Combination of
Periodic and Rigid modes
(Lindley-Yow, Hadjian, etc. )
101
Combination of modal responses:
1. Absolute Combination (ABS)

The modal responses of all the individual modes are
summed up (to be used in modal combination as per
IS:1893-1984) :
Eg. for level 7,

ABS = 1.178 + -0.69 + 0.335 + -0.08 + 0.035 = 2.318
102
Combination of modal responses (cont):
2. Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS)

The modal responses are squared, summed, and the root of
the sum taken:
Eg. for level 7,

SRSS = [(1.178)2 + (-0.69)2 + (0.335)2 + (-0.08)2 + (0.035)2] = 1.409
103
3. Combination of ABS and SRSS (ABS&SRSS)

The weighted sum of ABS and SRSS is taken
The method was prescribed in IS:1893-1984 (4.2.2.2, IS:1893-
1984), removed in IS:1893(Part 1)-2002
H (m) 1 2
20 0.6 0.4
40 0.4 0.6
Values for are given by table 60 0.2 0.8

90 0.0 1.0
Intermediate values can be
obtained by interpolation
Note: 1 + 2 = 1
Eg. for level 7,
104
ABS&SRSS = 0.6 x 2.318 + 0.4 x 1.408 = 1.954
4. Out-of-phase response combination

This is a general category of methods, which includes CQC
and SRSS
The general equation is
where ij is the cross modal coefficient
a) SRSS method
SRSS can be represented as
ij = 1 for i=j
= 0 for ij
105
5. Out-of-phase response combination (cont..)

b) Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC)
The CQC equation prescribed by IS:1893-2002 is (7.8.4.4,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
where is the damping ratio ( 0.05 for RCC)

and = j/i
106
Response spectrum method
ETABS STAAD
Define Seismic Define& apply Seismic
parameters: parameters:
Zone Damping ratio
Soil Type Method of comb (SRSS,
Apply Seismic CQC, etc.)
parameters Soil Type
Damping ratio Direction (X, Y, Z)
Method of comb (SRSS, Scale (= Z.I / 2.R)
CQC, etc.) Normalization Scale (= 9.8)
Method of Dir. Comb
Direction (X, Y, Z)
I, R
107
ETABS: Define Response Spectrum 108
Scale factor = gI/(2R)
= 9.81*1/(2*5)
= 0.981
ETABS: Apply Response Spectrum

109
110
111
ZI / 2R = 0.024
STAAD: Response Spectrum 112

STAAD: Response Spectrum

113
114
115
Directional Combination of
Modal Responses
116
Directional combination of modal responses:
As per IS:1893, directional combination need to be

done only when the lateral load resisting members
are not oriented along horizontal orthogonal
directions (6.3.2.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
117
Directional combination of modal responses:
1. SRSS Method (6.3.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
The method combines the directional components by
SRSS method. The method is prescribed in IS:1893-2002
as an alternative to SAS method
2. Scaled Absolute Sum method (SAS)

The method combines the directional components by sum
of values in one direction, with 0.3 times the sum of values
in the other directions (6.3.4.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
118
No. of Modes & Missing mass
correction
119
Mode frequencies an overview:
Out-of-phase modes In-phase modes
OR ZPA OR
Periodic Response Rigid Response

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 (Hz)
93.223 % 33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
Modal Combination Missing Mass

(ABS, SRSS,CQC, etc.) Correction
120
Missing Mass Correction : ZPA

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 (Hz)
33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass

Zero Period Acceleration (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002) = 1.6
121
Missing Mass Correction : ZPA

1.441 4.51 8.098 11.782 15.309 17.908 69.357 103.083 (Hz)
33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass

Zero Period Acceleration, (Sa/g)ZPA = 1.6 (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)
Horizontal acceleration coefficient, Ah
122
Missing Mass Correction (cont):
Lateral force, QR is given by
where
Mmiss.mass is the missing mass
Mk(ZPA) is sum of Participating
masses up to ZPA
123
0
4.6285
11.310
Storey wise Mass Participation for 1st mode =
17.778
23.387
27.771
30.652
For 1st mode, Mk = 0+4.6285+11.310+17.778+23.387+27.771+30.652 = 115.52
Thus, storey wise Mass Participation can be obtained for each mode,
from which the total storey wise Mass Participation,
and consequently, the storey wise Missing Mass can be determined.
124
0.16 x 1
Ah = X (1.6) = 0.04266
2x3
0 0 0
0.0155 0.0006
0.0155
Storey wise 0.0243 0.0010
0.0243
Missing mass = :. 0.04266 x 0.0256 = 0.0010
0.0256
(kN) Results
0.0234 0.0010
0.0234
0.0151 0.0006
0.0151
0.0047 0.0002
0.0047 Final
SRSS
Results
0
0.5755 Results
0.9114
QP = 0.9741
1.0422
1.116
1.4002
125
Set number of modes & Check mass
participation
(2.8.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
Consider as many no. of modes so as to have a
total Participating Mass, (Mk) > 90%
One shouldnt consider modes having

frequencies > 33 Hz
In case one has considered modes up to 33Hz, but

still hasnt obtained (Mk) > 90%, the only option
is a Missing Mass correction
126
Set number of Modes & check Mass
Participation
ETABS & STAAD
Increase no. of modes
Check output tables to see
Modes at which participating mass > 90%
Mode having freq. > 33Hz
Set no. of modes to be considered, accordingly
If all modes are considered up to 33Hz, but still
hasnt obtained (Mk) > 90%, apply Missing Mass
Correction
127
ETABS: Set no. of modes 128
129
ETABS: Check mass participation
130
131
132
133
Set this to mode
for 33 Hz cut-off
freq.

134
STAAD: Check mass participation
135
136
137
138
139
Base Shear Correction
140
When dynamic method is followed :
When dynamic analysis is done, a static analysis is
also to be done and base shears compared (7.8.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
If scale all forces in the ratio as
141
142
Base shear correction
Do analysis with seismic coeff. method
Base shear = Vb(Stat.Anal)
Do analysis with Resp. Spec. method

Base shear = Vb(Dyn.Anal)
Is Vb(Dyn.Anal) >= Vb(Stat.Anal) ?

If yes (Vb(Dyn.Anal) >= Vb(Stat.Anal)) No problem
If no (Vb(Dyn.Anal) < Vb(Stat.Anal)) scale resp. spec. results by
[Vb(Stat.Anal) / Vb(Dyn.Anal)] > 1
143
ETABS: Base shear correction
144
145
146
VB(Dyn.Anal) = 1607kN
VB(Stat.Anal) = 1769kN
VB(Dyn.Anal) < VB(Stat.Anal)
:.VB(Stat.Anal)/ VB(Dyn.Anal) = 1769/1607

= 1.1 (STAAD)
New Coeff. = Coeff.*1.1

= 0.981*1.1 = 1.08 (ETABS)
147
148
STAAD: Base shear correction
149
Seismic Load Combinations
150
ETABS: Load combination
151
STAAD: Load combination
152
Design Combinations Service Combinations
STAAD: Load combination

153
Load Combinations:
The analysis results are to be combined using the
following load combinations for RC structures
(6.3.1.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002, Table 18, IS:456-
2000) :
Design Combinations:- Service Combinations:-
COMB-I = 1.5(DL+LL)# COMB-I = 1.0(DL+LL)
COMB-II = 1.2(DL+LLEL)# COMB-II = 1.0DL+0.8(LLEL)
COMB-III = 1.5(DLEL) COMB-III = 1.0(DLEL)
COMB-IV = 0.9DL1.5EL*
Where EL represents ELx and Ely

#
Live load reduction for upper floors as per 3.2, IS:875(Part 2)-1987 not to
be included (Note 6, 8.1, IS:875(Part 5)-1987), but reduction as per Table
8, IS:1893 shall be used (7.3.3, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002)
*To be considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is
critical (foot note to Table 18, IS:456-2000) 154
Load Combinations (cont):
Design Combinations: Service Combinations:

COMB1 = 1.5(DL+LL) COMB1 = 1.0(DL+LL)
COMB2 = 1.2(DL+LL+ELx) COMB2 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL+ELx)#
COMB3 = 1.2(DL+LL ELx) COMB3 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL ELx) #
COMB4 = 1.2(DL+LL+ELy) COMB4 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL+ELy) #
COMB5 = 1.2(DL+LL ELy) COMB5 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL ELy) #
COMB6 = 1.5(DL+ELx) COMB6 = 1.0(DL+ELx) #
COMB7 = 1.5(DL ELx) COMB7 = 1.0(DL ELx) #
COMB8 = 1.5(DL+ELy) COMB8 = 1.0(DL+ELy) #
COMB9 = 1.5(DL ELy) COMB9 = 1.0(DL ELy) #
COMB10 = 0.9DL+1.5ELx
COMB11 = 0.9DL 1.5ELx
COMB13 = 0.9DL+1.5ELy
# Use enhanced SBC for these
COMB14 = 0.9DL 1.5ELy cases (6.3.5.2 & Table 1,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
155
Permissible Increase in SBC of soil :-
(6.3.5.2 & Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
Type I : Type II : Type III :

Hard Soil Medium Soil Soft soil
(N > 30) (30 N 10) (N < 10)
Pile/Well 50% 25% 25%
Raft 50% 50% 50%
Isolated 50% 25% 0%
156
Load Combinations (Cont.):
The percentage of imposed loads given [0.25 LL 3 kN/m2, 0.5 LL
> 3kN/m2] shall also be used for whole frame loaded condition
in the load combinations specified [1.2(DL+LLEL)] where
the gravity loads are combined with the earth quake loads
(7.3.3, IS:1893-2002)
Further reduction in imposed load as per 3.2, IS:875 (Part 2)-
1987 need not be considered (7.3.3, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002,
similar to Note 6, 8.1, IS:875(Part 5)-1987).
COMB-I = 1.5[DL+LL]
COMB-II = 1.2[DL+(0.25 LL3, 0.5 LL >3)EL]
COMB-III = 1.5(DLEL)
COMB-IV = 0.9DL1.5EL
157
For Design:-
COMB1 = 1.5 ( DL + LL )
COMB2 = 1.2 ( DL + 0.25 LL3 + 0.5 LL >3 + ELx )
COMB3 = 1.2 ( DL + 0.25 LL3 + 0.5 LL >3 ELx )
COMB4 = 1.2 ( DL + 0.25 LL3 + 0.5 LL >3 + ELy )
COMB5 = 1.2 ( DL + 0.25 LL3 + 0.5 LL >3 ELy )
COMB6 = 1.5 ( DL + ELx )
COMB7 = 1.5 ( DL ELx )
COMB8 = 1.5 ( DL + ELy )
COMB9 = 1.5 ( DL ELy )
COMB10 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 ELx
COMB11 = 0.9 DL 1.5 ELx
COMB13 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 ELy
COMB14 = 0.9 DL 1.5 ELy
158
Force Envelopes
159
1.5x(DL + LL) 1.5x(DL - EQx)
Envelope
1.5x(DL + EQx)
160
1.5x(DL + LL)
1.5x(DL + EQx)
1.5x(DL - EQx)
Envelope
161
Torsion & Accidental
Eccentricity
162
Accidental eccentricity:
Minimum Design eccentricity edi to be considered
during analysis (7.9.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
where esi = actual eccentricity

bi = breadth of building
-- In case 3D dynamic analysis is carried out, the dynamic

amplification factor of 1.5 be replaced by 1.0 (Note 2 to 7.9.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 Amendment No.1, Jan 2005)
163
Accidental eccentricity:
164
Specifying Accidental Eccentricity
ETABS
Give eccentricity = 0.05 (ie., 5% of respective dimension)
OR (For Seismic Coeff. Method)
For each storey,
If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be provided is in the
same direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide
Accidental eccentricity as 0.5e+0.05b
If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be provided is in the
opposite direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide
Accidental eccentricity 0.05b
STAAD
Tick the Accidental Eccentricity / Include Torsion checkbox
165
ETABS: Accidental eccentricity
166
167
168
STAAD: Accidental eccentricity
169
Specifying Accidental Eccentricity
STAAD 8i SELECT 4 and above
If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be given is in the same direction as

the Actual eccentricity (e), provide Accidental eccentricity as
(0.5e+0.05b)/b
If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be given is in the opposite

direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide Accidental eccentricity
0.05
- Note: The above are only to demonstrate ECC and OCC options in
STAAD. As per Note 2 to 7.9.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 Amendment
No.1, Jan 2005, only 0.05 need to be given for eccentricity in
Response Sectrum Analysis
170
STAAD: Accidental eccentricity

171
For Design:-
1.5 ( DL + LL ) 1 Load Case
1.2 ( DL + LL EL x/y e ) 8 Load Cases
1.5 ( DL EL x/y e ) 8 Load Cases
0.9 DL 1.5 (EL x/y e) 8 Load Cases
-------------------
25 Load Cases
For support reactions:-

1.0 DL + 0.8 ( LL EL x/y e ) 8 Load Cases
1.0 ( DL EL x/y e ) 8 Load Cases
-------------------
17 Load Cases 42 Load Cases
172
Load Combinations (non-ortho beams):
For Design:-
1.2 ( DL + LL (EL x/y e) 0.3 (EL y/x e))
32 Load Cases
1.5 ( DL (EL x/y e) 0.3 (EL y/x e))
32 Load Cases
0.9 DL 1.5((EL x/y e) 0.3 (EL y/x e))
32 Load Cases
-------------------
97 Load Cases
For support reactions:-
1.0 DL + 0.8 ((EL x/y e) 0.3 (EL y/x e))
32 Load Cases
1.0 ( DL (EL x/y e) 0.3 (EL y/x e))
32 Load Cases
-------------------
65 Load Cases 162 Load Cases
173
Reinforced Concrete Design
174
Concrete Design
ETABS STAAD
Load combinations Load combinations
Design Code (Indian) Design Code (Indian,
Material: , E, , fck, 456/13920)
fymain, fyshear fck, fymain, fyshear
Ductile/ordinary Load case for beam shear
Col. Effective lengths design (DL+LL)
Etc (Cl. 6.3.3(b) , IS:13920)
Col. Effective lengths
Etc
175
Ref:- Fig.4, IS:13920
176
ETABS: Concrete Design
177
178
179
180
ETABS: Run Analysis
181
ETABS: Run Concrete Design
182
STAAD: Concrete Design
183
STAAD: Run Analysis 184
Miscellaneous points
185
Selection of method (7.8.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002) :
Dynamic analysis to be performed for
1. In case of regular buildings
h > 40 m in Zones IV & V
h > 90 m in Zones II & III
2. In case of irregular buildings
h > 12 m in Zones IV & V
h > 40 m in Zones II & III
186
Selection of method (7.8.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002) :
When the structure is irregular as
per Table 4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002, the
method of dynamic analysis with
masses lumped at floor levels, as
per 7.8.4.5, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002,
cannot be done, rendering
computer modelling the only
option.
187
Soft Stories (7.10, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002) :
A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is
less than 70 percent of that in the storey above or
less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness
of the three storeys above (4.20, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
(Fig.4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
188
Soft Stories (7.10, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002) :
In case of buildings with soft stories,
Dynamic analysis of building be carried out including the
strength and stiffness effects of infills, and the members
designed accordingly (7.10.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
Alternatively,
Columns and beams of the soft storey be designed for 2.5 times
forces obtained by analysis
Shear walls of the soft storey be designed for 1.5 times forces
obtained by analysis
(7.10.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
189
Separation Between Adjacent Units
(7.11.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002) :
To avoid damaging contact when the two units deflect towards
each other
Separation equal to R/2 times the sum of the calculated storey
displacements as per 7.11.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 (ie., with
partial load factor of 1.0) of each of them.
Separation equal to R times the sum of the calculated storey

displacements, when floor levels of the adjacent units or
buildings are not at the same elevation levels.
190
When to include ductile detailing :-
Ductile detailing provisions shall be adopted in RCC

buildings for
More than 5 stories high in zone III
Industrial structure in zone III
Importance factor > 1.0 in zone III
In zone IV & V
(1.1.1, IS:13920-1993)
Ductile detailing provisions shall be adopted in RCC

buildings for
All buildingd in zone III, IV & V
(1.1.1, IS:13920-1993, Edition 1.2)
191
Concluding Remarks
192
Concluding remarks
The best way to implement advanced seismic analysis
techniques is through an analysis software package.
To use a software package, one has to know it
More importantly, one has to know its limitations,
Still more important, one has to know its pitfalls.
Software Demonstrators/Instructors may tell you the
limitations, but not the pitfalls. Mostly it can be learned
only through experience.
The user should have a good base in Seismic Analysis &
Design, and Structural Dynamics. Also a basic
understanding of FEM is desirable (but not necessary).
Also one has to know the code provisions, and have them
ready reference (IS:456, SP 34, IS:1893, IS:13920, IS:875
Part-I, II, III)
193
rahul.leslie@gmail.com
Thank you!
194

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Seismic Analysis/Design of

ETABS: Floor Diaphragm

Seismic Coefficient Method

Zone factor Z (Table 2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)

Response reduction factor (Table 7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)

Design lateral force for each level is determined by

A six storied structure

ETABS: Seismic masses

STAAD: Seismic masses

Gravity Loads Bending Moment

Response Spectrum Method

The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is

A six storied structure

Levels Mode Shapes

Where, n = no. of levels

Participating mass =115.5+16.31+5.424+2.686+1.237=141.183kN

Total mass = 23.57 x 6 = 141.42 kN

Mass participation = 100x141.183/141.42 = 99.8326% > 90% .:Okay

Where, n = no. of levels

(Had all the mode

2 0.1513 -0.5293 0.8237 -1 1 23.57 3.566 -12.48 19.415 -23.57 23.57

Mk 115.5 16.313 5.4243 2.6859 1.2369

Z = Zone factor = 0.16

Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065

Mode I II III IV V SRSS

Eg: - for level 7:

SRSS = [(1.178)2 + (-0.69)2 + (0.335)2 + (-0.08)2 + (0.035)2] = 1.409

(2) Signed value:

IS:1893 and other sources

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Modal Combination Missing Mass

1. Absolute Combination (ABS)

Eg. for level 7,

2. Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS)

Eg. for level 7,

3. Combination of ABS and SRSS (ABS&SRSS)

Values for are given by table 60 0.2 0.8

4. Out-of-phase response combination

where ij is the cross modal coefficient

5. Out-of-phase response combination (cont..)

where is the damping ratio ( 0.05 for RCC)

ETABS: Apply Response Spectrum

STAAD: Response Spectrum 112

STAAD: Response Spectrum

As per IS:1893, directional combination need to be

2. Scaled Absolute Sum method (SAS)

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Modal Combination Missing Mass

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass

Lateral force, QR is given by

For 1st mode, Mk = 0+4.6285+11.310+17.778+23.387+27.771+30.652 = 115.52

One shouldnt consider modes having

In case one has considered modes up to 33Hz, but

ETABS: Check mass participation

Do analysis with Resp. Spec. method

Is Vb(Dyn.Anal) >= Vb(Stat.Anal) ?

VB(Dyn.Anal) < VB(Stat.Anal)

:.VB(Stat.Anal)/ VB(Dyn.Anal) = 1769/1607

New Coeff. = Coeff.*1.1

STAAD: Load combination