Academic Witing

byAlice Oshima(Author),Ann Hogue

(Author)

Compiled

suparman Winoto
@ 2014
What is academic Writing
Academic Writing is the kind of writing that you are required to do
in college or university

Audience, Tone, and Purpose

The Writing Process:

Stage 1: Prewriting
Choosing and narrowing A Topic
Brainstorming
Stage 2 : Planning (OUTLINING)
Brainstorming by Listing
Grouping
Writing the Topic sentence
Simple outlining
Stage 3: Writing and Revising Draft
Writing the first draft
Revising content and Organization
Proofreading the second draft for grammar

Writing the Final copy.

 When youre writing, your audiences are :
Your Professor/ lecturer , Colleges students , Relatives and Public

FAcademic writing is a formal in tone.

The purpose of academic writing is usually to explain or to

persuade .

Writers should be clear why they are writing. The most common reasons
for writing include:
to report on a piece of research the writer has conducted
to answer a question the writer has been given or chosen
to discuss a subject of common interest and give the writers view
to synthesise research done by others on a topic
F Prewriting academic activities are useful for narrowing a topic a generating
ideas
FThree useful brainstorming techniques are listing, free-writing, & clustering.

F Revision is an essential effort.

 Step 1 . Narrowing and choosing the topic
General Topic Environment
Less general Topic Pollution
Specific topic Ocean pollution
Oil spill
Very specific Oil spill in Mexico Gulf

Exercises:
Narrow each of the following general topics
to specific aspect that could be written
about in one paragraph
1. Television 4. Music
2. Sports 5. Transportation
3. Food
Step 2 : Brainstorming
Brainstorming is an activity that one can use to generate Ideas.
A. Brainstorming by Listing
B. Brainstorming by free-writing

A. Metropolitan citys problems

Buses and street cars accident
Dirty interiors daily schedule
Late bus arrivals demonstration
Housing is expensive passengers are victim
High property values no parking
Need affordable rentals high rents
Expensive apartments too many cars
Impossible to buy property unsafe street
Traffic jams extra waiting time
Heavy downtown traffic increasing crime
Late arrivals Commuter traffic
Arrive in bunches
Missed appointments
Please list into A, B, C group.
A. buses and streetcars B. Housing is expensive C. Unsafe street
General to specific

Solar system
Planets
earth
Indonesia
Jakarta
Grogol
Trisakti University
a classroom
room 402, 3rd floor
Design Faculty
Interior design

Essay tree
paragraph trunk
sentence branch
word twig
syllable leaf
letter flower
General more specific more specific
lion
horse
Animal dog grizzly bear
bear brown bear
polar bear

assault victims
Emergency treatment heart attack victims burn victims
accident victims broken bone victims
drowning victims
Brainstorming by free-writing
Do and follow these steps
write the first draft (you do not need to pay
any attention to word usage,
grammar, sentence structure, punctuation etc)
Revise the content and
organization ( topic,
supporting , and concluding sentence)
and transition signals. Check the second
draft for
grammar( subject-verb agreement, tense
usage,
complete sentence) and mechanism
( punctuation, spelling, capitalization, typing error,
etc)
 Stayed
Stayed
Painted home
home Exercis
house e
Sport fan
One
Oneweek
enthusi Gives
week Gives10%
10%ofofincome
income
last
lastyear
year ast totochurch
church

vacation My father Attends

Attendsweekly
weekly
prayer meeting
prayer meeting

Work
Workalcoholic
alcoholic Very
Very
religious
religious
Does
Doesaccounting
accountingfor
for
church
church
Works six
days a
week Every
Likes to cook EverySunday
Sunday

Boring
Boringlife
life
Stays late at office

Heart
Heartproblem
problem
Problems at X college
Audience: My English lecturer and classmates
What is the biggest problem at X college? Well, I dont really know.
In fact, I cant thing of one particular problem although I know there are
many problems. For one thing, the classroom are usually overcrowded. At
the beginning of this semester, Hall H.405 in Y faculty had 60 students
although there were only 40 desks. A few of seats attached to the desks
were broken, so about 25 students had to sit on the floor. Besides, the
classroom are poorly maintained, in several of my classes, there are
broken chair and litter on the floor. Students even leave cups and
garbage on the desk which also full of drawing and handwriting. So the
room are messy. The library is too small and always crowed with
students. Not all students really study in the library. Sometimes they
talk a lot and this is really quite distracting to me and other serious
students who want and need a quite place to study. So the present
library should be expanded or a new library should be built. Oh yes, I
think that another problems is parking in the campus. The college has a
big parking lot across the west and east side, but it always full. So, many
times students have to park their car at outside of campus which could
so far away from campus that they have to run to class to make it while
they must across the heavy traffic. Yes, parking is a big problem that
many students face every day. I have a car, and many of my friends have
one. We really have a problem. So, I think the biggest problem at X
college is not enough parking spaces....
Example: Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness.
Topic Controlling idea
The average Indonesian teenager consumes enormous quantities of junk food

Circle the topic sentence

1. The Caribbean island of Trinidad attracts tourist because of its calypso

music
2. Driving on slippery ways requires an aggressive attitude.
3. Spectacular beaches make Bali a tourist paradise.
4. Living in an Indonesian dormitory can be a stressful experience for newly
arrived foreign students.
5. Many religious rules developed from the heath needs of ancient times.
6. The spread of AIDS can be slowed by educating the public
7. A major problem for foreign students is taking essay examination.
8. Participating in class discussions in English is a problem for some
Indonesian students.
9. In my opinion, many television commercials for cosmetics lie to women.
10.Owning a good house is a necessity for me
11.It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a large city
Put the verbs in parentheses into appropriate forms

After the behavior, knowledge and skills of its staffs

(analyze) in order to define training needs, a company
should look at the performance of personnel and the
performance that (require) for each job. From this
information a training plan (can make). Next there are
several things that (must specify). It (must decide) where
the training (do) and who does it. The training
Department must decide which training methods (use)
and the timing of the training program. Following these
decisions, materials (must collect) for the courses.
Afterwards , when the courses (complete), the trainees
(test) to find out what they have learned. Finally, the
training program (should evaluate) by the training
Manager
A paragraphs is a group of related sentences develops one main
idea.
There are three parts of a paragraph
Topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph .

Supporting sentences develop topic sentence

Concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph and

leaves the reader with the important points to remember.

A good paragraph also has elements of unity and coherence.

Unity means that you discuss only one main idea in a paragraph.
Coherence means that your paragraph is easy to read and
understand because :
your supporting sentences are in some kind of logical order.
Your ideas are connected by the use of appropriate transition
signals.
Examplesofparagraphs
Interior designers are people who design
interiors and develop the environments in
which we spend most of our lives. We live,
work, and play in spaces designed by
professionals who have a unique blend of
artistic talent and practical knowledge. Interior
designers of efficient space planning, color,
pattern, lighting, furniture, and materials.
These elements are essential to the creation
of residential and commercial spaces.
Interior design is a service which involves much more
than choosing a color palette or finding the perfect art
piece. It is a methodical process that includes
establishing a relationship with a prospective
employer, extensive research, compilation of a
portfolio for illustrative purposes, the presentation of
proposed designs, contracting labor and supplies,
overseeing progress from start to finish, and finally
delivering the agreed upon design at the designated
date. Many people are intimidated by the prospect of
engaging an interior design professional.
Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of reluctant
consumers agree that the hiring of a designer should
seriously be considered because the results are a
worthwhile investment.
An interior designer is professionally
trained to create a functional and
quality interior environment. Qualified
through education, experience and
examination, a professional designer
can identify, research and creatively
resolve issues and lead to a healthy,
safe and comfortable physical
environment. An interior designer
creates a space that is functional,
efficient and safe and enhances the
quality of the working and living
environment.
Market research indicates a specific and
growing need in the area for the products and
services Interior Views offers in the market it
serves. The market strategy will be based on a
cost effective approach to reach this clearly
defined target market. The three-phase
approach will utilize resources to create
awareness of the store and encourage
customers to benefit from the convenience and
services it offers. Interior Views will focus on its
selection, accessibility of product, design
services, and competitive pricing.
There are so many career opportunities waiting to just
jump up and snag intelligent young adults with a fresh
education. What most people don't know is that not all
opportunities are for them. Some people are good
with money, some are good with clothing, and some
are good with writing. Everybody is different and has
a unique make-up creating a need for a unique career
to fit their personality as well. You may be one of
many whose personality shouts out creative,
diverse...artistic. If this is so, you may want to
consider a career in art. There are many careers in
art, ranging from architects, to fashion designers. My
interest however always draws to a career in interior
design.

A. Manufactures, retailers, and all other
goods-handling firms have jobs that involve
two stages of physical distribution. First the
product must be moved to the firm for
processing or resale. Then the finished
products must be distributed to the markets.
These physical distribution tasks involve jobs in
transportation management, warehousing, and
inventory control. In addition , many carriers
and warehousing firms also provide a variety of
jobs that may interest you.
There are many ways to ear a living by
choosing a career. We can choose a career by
working for a company, operating our own
business or working for an organization.
Because of globalization, the market of career
becomes more competitive. Therefore, It will
take strategy to catch the opportunity. However,
there are so many career to be chosen and
each of career is classified into different
categories of job. It important thing for us to
know whether the job we choose requires a
special skill. Nowadays, the classification of job
is also divided into indoor or outdoor place.
This research has two objectives. The
first objective is to analyze whether the
beta of un-leverage firms significantly
reflects the sensitivity of a stocks returns
to changes in returns on the market
portfolio. The second one is to analyze the
impact of operating leverage, cyclicality,
and firm size to the business risk. The
study was carried out on the 30 most active
manufacturing companies in the Jakarta
Stock exchange, based on trading
frequency during 1993-1995 period.
The globalization of competition has recently led many
firms to integrate their information systems. Based on a
selective review of literature on strategic and information
management, a model is developed to study corporate
strategic response to the APEC Free Trade Agreement
(AFTA). The purpose of this study is to investigate the
impact of competitive strategy, information technology
maturity and size on a firms strategic response to AFTA. A
survey of 44 firms found that information technology
development influences the perceived increase in
investment in information technology. Competitive strategy
and size do not affect a firms strategic response to
perceived increase in investment in information
technology. This suggest that new increasing, competitive
strategies will consist of technology-based on global
initiatives that are affected by firms level of development in
information technology.
To promote tourism and market destination, it is important to study
the tourists attitude, behaviour and demand. The studies of Levitt
(1986) and Kotler and Armstrong (1994) suggest that an
understanding of consumer behaviour may help with the
marketing planning process in tourism marketing. The research of
consumer behaviour is the key to the underpinning of all
marketing activity, which is carried out to develop, promote and
sell tourism products (Swarbrookeand Horner, 1999; Asad, 2005).
Therefore, the study of consumer behaviour has become
necessary for the sake of tourism marketing.

The romance of travel has always fascinated me, and our recent trip to
Thailand lived up to expectations. We flew from Dubai and after a
comfortable flight arrived in Bangkok just as the sun was rising. Our stay
in the city lasted only a couple of days before we set off for the hill
country around Chang Mai, where we were planning to visit some of the
indigenous tribes who live in this mountainous region. When we arrived
the weather was rather disappointing, but after a day the heavy rain gave
way to sparkling clear sunshine.
 PARAGRAH 3
1. A notes/memo function lets you make quick notes to yourself.
2. Other capabilities include word processing, spreadsheets, and e-mail.
3. A voice recorder that uses a built-in microphone and speaker works like a
tape recorder.
4. Basic tools include a calendar to keep track of your appointments, an
address
and phone number book, to-do lists, and a calculator.
5. MP3 playback lets you listen to digital music files, and a picture viewer lets
you look at digital photos.
6. Most personal digital assistants (PDAs) have tools for basic tasks as well as
for multimedia functions.
7. A few models also include a built-in digital camera and keyboard.

PARAGRAPH 4
----a. In time, this melted part rises as magma.
__ b. The formation of a volcanic emption is a dramatic series of events.
__ c. As the plate" sinks, friction and Earth's heat cause part of it to melt.
__ d. The magma produces heat, steam, and pressure.
__ e. First of all, most volcanoes are formed where two plates collide.3
__ f. Then one of the plates is forced under the other and sinks.
__ g. When the heat, steam, and pressure from the magma finally reach the
surface of Earth, a volcanic emption occurs.
Read the text below and divide it into a suitable number of paragraphs

BIOCHAR
Charcoal is produced by burning wood slowly in a low-oxygen environment.
This material, which is mainly carbon, was used for many years to heat iron
oreto extract the metal. But when Abraham Darby discovered a smelting
process using coke (produced from coal) in 1709 demand for charcoal
collapsed. At approximately the same time the carbon dioxide level in the
atmosphere began to rise. But a new use for charcoal, re-named biochar, has
recently emerged. It is claimed that using biochar made from various types of
plants can both improve soil quality and combat global warming. Various
experiments in the United States have shown that adding burnt crop wastes to
soil increases fertility and cuts the loss of vital nutrients such as nitrates. The
other benefit of biochar is its ability to lock CO2 into the soil. The process of
decay normally allows the carbon dioxide in plants to return to the atmosphere
rapidly, but when transformed into charcoal this may be delayed for hundreds
of years. In addition, soil containing biochar appears to release less methane,
a gas which contributes significantly to global warming. American researchers
claim that widespread use of biochar could reduce global CO2 emissions by
over 10 per cent. But other agricultural scientists are concerned about the
environmental effects of growing crops especially for burning, and about the
displacement of food crops that might be caused. However, the potential twin
benefits of greater farm yields and reduced greenhouse gases mean that
further research in this area is urgently needed.
Unity and simple outlining
Unity means that a good paragraph only one main idea is discussed.
If you start to discuss a new idea, begin a new paragraph. Every
supporting sentence in the paragraph must be directly related to the
main idea. So, do not include any information that doesnt directly
support the topic sentence.
Example:
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important
characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty
that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable
for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never
needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.
For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished
today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries
ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its
usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it
has been used in hundreds of industrial applications.
The most recent use of gold is in astronauts wear gold-
plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship.
In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty
but also for its utility
There are many different classifications of hotels. The AAA Auto Club of America
classifies hotels by a five-diamond classification system. A one-diamond hotel is one
that offers minimal services and no luxuries. It has a simple roadside appeal with
limited landscaping. The lobby is small, with limited seating for guests. The art on the
walls may look low budget. Guest rooms are small and barely meet industry
standards. A two-diamond hotel offers more services than a one-diamond hotel. It has
average roadside appeal and some basic landscaping. There are some seats in the
lobby, which typically features a medium-sized front desk, carpeted floors, and
perhaps some plants for dcor. The guestrooms meet the industry standards. A three-
diamond hotel has upgraded services to guests. It has very good roadside appeal
with attractive landscaping. The lobby is spacious with carpeting and seating
arranged in groups. Plants and art decorate the lobby, and there are luggage carts for
guests to use. A four-diamond hotel offers high-level guest services and hospitality. It
has excellent roadside appeal and professionally groomed landscaping. The lobby is
spacious and decorated in wood or marble. There may be background music, and the
furniture and carpets are of high quality. Rooms are spacious and exceed industry
standards. A five-diamond hotel offers every possible service any guest could want,
and it is all done perfectly. It has outstanding roadside appeal with gorgeous
landscaping and an elegant entrance. The lobby is spacious and impressive in its
quality of furniture and art. Fresh floral arrangements grace the tables. The guest
rooms are large and luxurious.
When you go to a restaurant, do you think about all the different
operations that are taking place at the same time? Hosts or
hostesses decide where patrons should be seated. Waiters and
waitresses take orders, chefs prepare the food, bussers clean
the tables, and managers make everything run smoothly. Being
a food service manager is a job with many responsibilities. One
of the responsibilities is to hire and train good employees. Food
service managers must also schedule these employees for
various shifts. In addition, they must make sure that groceries
are ordered for the kitchen and the quality of the food is good.
Food service managers supervise the employees to make sure
the restaurant is kept clean and that guests are not kept waiting
too long. Also, food service managers must deal with a lot of
paperwork to pay employees, bills, and taxes, and to keep track
of expenses.
UNITY

Club Tropics beaches are beautiful, and surrounding

countryside is a quite Scenic. The quality of the food leaves a
lot to be desired. Many vacationers enjoy the variety of outdoor
activities and the instruction available in such sports as sailing
and scuba diving. Unfortunately, security is poor; several
vacationers rooms have been broken into and their valuables
stolen. Christmas in the Bahamas can make the thought of New
Years in Chicago bearable.

After revision

For vacationers sick and tired of the frozen north, a week at

Club Tropic can provide just the midwinter that they need. Club
Tropics beaches are beautiful, and surrounding countryside is
quite scenic. Many vacationers also enjoy the variety of outdoor
activities and the instruction available in such sports as sailing
and scuba diving. Christmas in the Bahamas can make the
thought of New years in Chicago bearable.
 Progress is gradually being made in the fight against
cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients had any
hope of long term survival. In the 1930s, less than one
in five cancer victims lived more than two years. In
1950s, the ratio was one in four, and in 1960s, it was
one in three. Currently, four of ten patients who get
cancer this year will be alive five years from now. The
gain from one in four to four in ten represent about
69.000 lives saved each year.
Progress is gradually being made in the fight against
cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients had any
hope of long term survival. But because of advances in
medical technology, progress has been made so that
currently four in ten cancer patient survive. It has bees
proved that smoking is a direct cause of lung cancer.
However, the battle has not yet been won. Although cures
for some of cancer have been discovered, other form of
cancer are still increasing. Heart disease is also increasing.
 Find the sentence/s do not support the
topic sentence .

Tourism is the state of Hawais leading

industry. Every year , some six million
tourists visit the island. During the
popular winter months, a planeload and
shipload of tourists arrives every
fifteen minutes. New hotels, new
resorts and new restaurants are being
build every year to accommodate the
increasing numbers of visitors. Sugar
cane and pineapples are also important
industry.
 Paragraph outlining
An outline is like an architects plan a house.
An architect plans a house before it is built to
make sure that all parts will fit.
Simple paragraph outlining
Learning to outline will improve your
writing for three reasons:
It will help you organize your ideas.
It will help you write more quickly.
It will help you improve your grammar.
Improved organization, speed, and
grammar make learning to outline well
worth the effort.
Parallel form
Fish make excellent pets It wrong
A.Small appetites outline

B.Quiet
C.They are well-behaved
Because of these three qualities alone, fish make outstanding
pets.

Fish make excellent pets

Correct and
D.They dont each much. parallel
B.They are quiet outline

C.They are well-behaved

Because of these three qualities alone, fish make outstanding pets

A. economical to eat
B. quiet
C . well-behaved
Make this a correct outline.
One problem is the metropolitans unreliable public
transportation system.
Daily schedules are unreliable
Buses arrive late.
Buses come in bunches.
Passenger are victims.
They are late to appointments, work, classes
They must allow extra time to wait for buses.
 Outlining
STRATEGIC COMPANY PLANNING

There are four sequence for this

1.Decide organization mission
2. Conduct situation analysis
3. Set organizational objectives
4. Select appropriate strategies

Strategic marketing planning

1. Conduct situation analysis
2. Develop marketing objectives
3. Determine positioning and differential advantage
4. Select target markets and measure market
demand
5. Design strategic marketing mix
Arrange the scrambled sentences below into a logical outline.

1. America high schools are facing problems on four fronts.

2. Vandalism in the school is increasing.
3. Teachers who have had to take teacher certification examination show very low

scores.
4. In 1990, according to an N.E.A. * report, acts of vandalism and theft cost the
schools $200 million.
5. Colleges report that some new freshmen read and write at the sixth-grade
level.
6. Students arent learning anything.
7. Taxpayers are protesting the increasing costs by voting against tax increases
to pay for schools.
8. During the last ten tears, there have been numerous strikes by teachers
demanding higher pay and less work.
9. On the national Scholastic Aptitude Test ( SAT ) , a national test for high
school seniors the average scores in verbal ability have by ten percent.
10. Teachers are also creating problems for the schools.
11. A large school in Chicago, Illinois, reported that one window is broken and
two typewrites are stolen every week.
12. Math scores on the SAT have declined by six percent since 1982.
13. Traditional methods of financing the schools are breaking down.
14. The schools in Cleveland, Ohio, were closed for three months last winter
because they simply ran out of money.
 Use of consistent pronouns
Logical Order
In addition to using transition signals and repeating
key nouns and pronouns, a third way to achieve
coherence is to arrange your sentences in some kinds of
logical order. Since there are different kinds of logical
relation ships, there are different ways to organize the
ideas and sentences in a paragraph. Your choice of one
kind of logical order over another, of course, depend on
your topic and your purpose. You may even combine two
or more different logical orders in the same paragraph.
The important point to remember is to arrange your ideas
in some kinds of order that is logical to a reader
accustomed
 Coherence
There are 4 ways to achieve coherence:
By repeating key nouns frequently
By using pronouns consistently
By using transition signals to show the relationship of one idea to
the
next.
By stating your idea in some kind of logical order.
Practice:
Repetition of Key nouns

English has almost become an International language. Except

for Chinese, more people speak it than any other language.
Spanish is the official language of more countries in the world, but
more countries have it as their official or unofficial second
language. More than seventy percent of the worlds mail is written
in it. In the international business, it used more than any other
language, and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic
controller all over the world. Moreover, although French used to be
the language of diplomacy, it has displaced it through the world.
Therefore, unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert
island in the middle of Pacific Ocean. It is useful language to know.
2. Using consistent pronouns
An Olympic athlete must be strong both physically
and mentally. First of all, if you hope to compete in an
Olympic sport, you must be physically strong.
Furthermore, an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously
for many years. For the most demanding sports, they
train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for ten
or more years. In addition to being physically strong, he
or she must also be mentally though. This means that
you have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often
giving up a normal school, family, and social life. Being
mentally strong also means that he or she must be able
to withstand the intense pressure of international
competition with its attendant media coverage. Finally,
not everyone can win a medal, so they must possess the
inner strength to live with defeat.
 Technology

Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's,
technology (change) _____1____a great deal. The first computers (be)
_____2____ simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not)
____3______ much memory and they (be, not) ____4_____ very powerful.
Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay)
_____5____ thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do) ___6___
very little. Most computers (be) ____7____ separate, individual machines used
mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.
Times (change) ____8____ Computers (become) ___9_____powerful
machines with very practical applications. Programmers (create)
____10______ a large selection of useful programs which do everything from
teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games,
but today's games (become) ____11_____ faster, more exciting interactive
adventures. Many computer users (get, also) _____12______ on the Internet
and (begin) ______13___ communicating with other computer users around
the world. We (start) ____14_____ to create international communities online.
In short, the simple, individual machines of the past (evolve) ___15_____ into
an international World Wide Web of knowledge.
To Add:
and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's
more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.),
To Compare:
whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, by
comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely,
meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true
To Prove:
because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in
fact, in addition, in any case, that is
To Show Exception:
yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes
To Show Time:
immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second,
etc.), next, and then
To Repeat:
in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted,
To Emphasize:
definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly,
always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly,
undeniably, without reservation
To Show Sequence:
first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this
point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously,
concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
To Give an Example:
for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case
of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate
To Summarize or Conclude:
in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence,
therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole,
Examplesofparagraph

A. Manufactures, retailers, and all other goods-handling firms

have jobs that involve two stages of physical distribution. First
the product must be moved to the firm for processing or resale.
Then the finished products must be distributed to the markets.
These physical distribution tasks involve jobs in transportation
management, warehousing, and inventory control. In addition ,
many carriers and warehousing firms also provide a variety of jobs
that may interest you.

B. We will start with the population picture. For many years,

McDonalds main customer group was young couples with several
kids. Today, people are marrying at a much later age and families
have fewer children, so McDonalds traditional customer base is
eroding. Then there are the cultural changes. As customers have
become more health conscious, their formerly huge consumption of
beef has declined. Lets face it--- burgers, fries, and shakes (the
foundation of McDonalds success) are not exactly at the top of
dietitians menu recommendation today.
Some common kinds of logical order in English are chronological order,
logical division of ideas, comparison and contrast, and cause and
effect .
Each kind of order has its own special word and phrases to show the
relation ship among the ideas. For examples, in a piece of writing using
chronological order, you would expect to find a lot of time expression ;
First, next, after that, finally, before the last war, after 1950,
since then, in 1990, while working on the project, etc.
In a paragraph describing differences (contrast) , you would find these
expression ;
The most noticeable difference, larger then, unlike, on the
other hand, in contrast, differ from.
In a paragraph showing similarities ( comparison ), you would find these
expression
Similarity, similarly, as expensive as, just as, just like,
compare with, in comparison.
Logical division of ideas is another common methods of organizing ideas to
give a paragraph coherence. Ideas are put into group, and each group is
discussed one after the order. Transition words such as first, second,
third introduce each group.
 STRATEGIC COMPANY PLANNING

Strategic company planning consists of four essential steps. The first step,
definingtheorganizationmission,influencesallsubsequentplanning.Forsomefirms,
thissteprequiresonlyreviewingtheexistingmissionstatementandconfirmingthatit
isstillsuitable.Still,thisstraightforwardstepistoooftenignored.
Conducting a situation analysis, the second step, is vital because strategic
planning is influenced by many factors beyond and within an organization. By
situation analysis, we simply mean gatheringandstudying informationpertainingto
oneormorespecifiedaspectsofanorganization.Welltalkmoreaboutconductinga
situationanalysisinanupcomingsection.
The third step in strategic planning requires management to decide on a set of
objectives to guide the organization in fulfilling its mission. Objectives also provide
standardsforevaluatinganorganizationsperformance.
By this point in its strategic planning, the organization has determined where it
wantstogo.Thefourstep,selectingappropriatestrategies,indicateshowthefirmis
goingtogetthere.Organizationalstrategiesrepresentbroadplansofactionbywhich
an organization intends to achieve its goals and fulfill its mission. Strategies are
selectedeitherfortheentirecompanyifitissmallandhasonlyasingleproductorfor
eachdivisionifthecompanyislargeandhasmultipleproductsorunits.
 What kind of logical order is used?

Paragraph 1 : Translation by Computer

Powerful computers capable of translating documents from

one language into another have recently been developed in
Japan. The computer first analyzes an English sentences,
determining its grammatical structure and identifying the
subject, verb, objects, and modifiers. Next, the words are
translated by an English- Japanese dictionary. After that,
another part of the computer program analyzes the resulting
awkward Jumble * of words and meaning and produces an
intelligible sentences based on the rules of Japanese syntax *
and the machines understanding of what the original English
sentences meant. Finally, the computer-produced translation
is polished by a human bilingual editor.
Paragraph 2 : The cost of business letters

The costs of dictating and transcribing the average business letter is

$8.46 when the letter is dictated to a live secretary. By comparison,
when the same letter is dictated into a machine, the cost of the letter
drops to $6.08, according to the Dartnell institute of business
research. The fix costs of a business letter, including typing supplies,
mailing costs, and maintenance are the same for both machine-
dictated and secretary-dictated letters. In both cases they total
$2.38. the difference in cost occurs in labor costs. For a machine-
dictated letter, the dictators time, based on 7.2 minutes and salary
of $644 per week costs $1.93, when the same dictator dictates the
same letter to a live secretary, in contrast , the costs of the dictators
time increase to $2.71. similarly, the costs of the secretarys time
rises from $1.29 for a machine-dictated letter to $1.68 for a letter
dictated in person, and noun productive labor costs increase from
48 to 65. These figures make it clear that dictating to a machine is
far less costly then dictating to a person.
High School and College

Even though high school and college are both places of learning, they differ in at least
three ways. The first difference between high school and college is their social
atmospheres. In high school the building is usually smaller, so most students know each
other. In addition, students in high school have the same six-hour 7:40 to 2:30 day, which
helps them to know one another better. At college people are constantly coming and
going, rarely seeing the same person twice in one day. The second difference between
high school and college is their policies about homework. In high school, homework is
usually. Knowing they have to submit assignments in algebra or history makes students
keep up with these subjects. In college most homework consists of just studying; very
little of it is written and turned in. If students do their homework, it is to their advantage; if
they do not, the teachers will not force them to. The student is only wasting his own
money if he neglects his course work. The third and last difference between high school
and college is their attendance policies. In high school, students must attend class or
their parents will be called. In college, students may skip classes if they choose and refer
to the syllabus to get missed assignments or tests. It is the students responsibility to
make work up. In spite of these differences between high school and college, they both
serve the same purpose to prepare an individual for the real world.
Cause-Effect Paragraph: Smoking
Read the following paragraph carefully. Notice that each sentence is numbered.
Answer the questions that follow by typing your responses in the text boxes. After
you complete the exercise, click on Email to email your work to your instructor, or
click on Print to print a copy of your work.

Smoking
(1) Smoking has many serious effects. (2) The most obvious effect is the
deterioration of a smoker's health. (3) Smoking increases the risk of lung disease,
increases blood pressure, increases the risk of heart attacks, and reduces the flow
of oxygen to the brain. (4) Smoking creates respiratory problems. (5) A smoker's
cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape
the body. (6) Prolonged use may lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a
machine to pump enough oxygen into the lungs. (7) Another effect of this habit is
that smoking breeds halitosis; a smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive.
(8) Smoking frequently results in social isolation because fewer people smoke or
want to be in the presence of second-hand smoke. (9) Friends and acquaintances
often bluntly tell their smoking friends that they don't want the smell in their cars or
in their homes. (10) The strong, offensive odor of smoke clings to smokers' clothing,
hair, and skin. (11) The final effect of smoking is that it depletes the pocketbook. (12)
Smoking is now an expensive habit, and the price of cigarettes continues to rise.
(13) The effects of smoking are many, which leaves one wondering why intelligent
people do not find a way to break their harmful addiction.
 In the relatively short span of sixty years, there has been an incredible
evolution in the size and capabilities of computer. Today, computer chips
smaller than the tip of your fingernail have the same capabilities as the
room-sized machines of years ago. The first computer were developed
around 1945. They were so large that they required special air-conditioned
rooms. About twenty years later, in the 1960s, desk-sized computers were
developed. This represented a gigantic advance. Before the end of that
same decade, however, a third generation of computer, which used simple
integrated circuits and which were even smaller and faster, had appeared.
In 1971, the first microprocessor, less than one square centimeter in size,
was developed. Today modern microprocessors contain as many as 10
million microprocessors doubles every eighteen months.
 Cause effect paragraph
Effects of Alcohol

Letting alcohol take control over your life has many negative effects on a
person and the people around them. One important effect is the damage you
can do to your body. Drinking can lead to severe illness and even eventual
death; some health consequences to consider might be liver disease, kidney
failure and, for pregnant women, the loss of their unborn child. Another
detriment is that an addiction could lead to drinking and driving; possibly
causing a fatal car accident for either yourself and/or an innocent by stander.
Another concern to consider is the relationships alcohol can destroy. Alcohol
abuse can have very serious affect on a persons temperament, which can
lead to spousal and even child abuse. Alcohol often is the number one cause
in divorce and spending time in jail. It can also affect relationships outside of
the family; many people have lost life long friends whether it is due to foolish
arguments and behavior or possibly death. Lastly, drinking has negative
effects on self-esteem and rational thinking. People become more self-
centered, develop low self-esteem, doing things or behaving in ways that they
would not normally. They have little or no regard to the outcomes of what is
said or done when they grow reliant on getting that alcohol high. The negative
effects of alcohol abuse are overwhelming when considering the many
consequences that drinkers and the people around them have to deal with.
Dropping Out
For many teenagers, there are numerous negative factors that can lead them to
give up on their education and drop out of school. The first cause is that many
teenagers lack positive role models in their lives. The lack of an encouraging
adult in their lives can cause them to think negatively about themselves and it
does not allow them to live up to their full potential. Also, the lack of a positive
role model can cause them to get involved with the wrong kind of people and
activities. When students get involved in these types of negative situations,
they usually don't focus on school. This can lead many impressionable young
children to give up on their education. Another factor that cause a student to
give up on school is a lack of determination. If they're not determined to
graduate, it can be very difficult for them to stay in school. Many students find
it difficult to stay focused on school when they when they feel that getting an
education is useless. Some students only attend school because they are forced
to and they are not there to further their education. The third and final factor is
peer pressure. Many students give into pure pressure very easily. If the pure
pressure is negative, this can lead them into drugs and alcohol. The drugs and
alcohol can cause them to drop out very easily because that is the only thing
that they are focused on and it can easily ruin a child's life.
~Copyright 2005 Mike Sullivan~
My hometown and my college town have several things in common.
First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown,
Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my
college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This
population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are
attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar
is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by
many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and
soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland
which is used to
My hometown andraise hogs and
my college cattle
town have.several
. . . things in common. First,
both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock,
has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town,
Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells
to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second
way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in
rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is
devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal
lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle.
Thirdly, these towns are similar in that they contain college campuses.
Gridlock, for example, is home to Neutron College, which is famous for its
Agricultural Economics program as well as for its annual Corn-Watching
Festival. Likewise, the town of Subnormal boasts the beautiful campus of
Quark College, which is well known for its Agricultural Engineering
department and also for its yearly Hog-Calling Contest.
 Life in space

Living aboard a space station in orbit around the earth for

months at a time poses problems for astronauts bodies as well
as their minds. One major problem is maintaining astronauts
physical health. Medical treatment may be days or even weeks
away as there may not be a doctor on board. Illnesses such as
appendicitis or ulcers, routinely treated on Earth, could be fatal
in space because of the delay in getting to a doctor.
Furthermore, surgery maybe impossible because blood would
float around inside the operating room. Another health problem
is the potential for bone deterioration. In a weightless
environment, the body produces less calcium. Astronauts would
have to exercise at least three hours a day to prevent bone loss.
A second major problem is maintaining astronauts mental
health. Being confined for long periods of time in dark and
hostile space will undoubtedly produce anxiety. Loneliness and
boredom are other psychological concerns. Finally, how will let
off steam when interpersonal conflicts develop? It is clear that
space station duty will require astronauts who are not only
physically but also mentally strong.
Underline the topic sentences in each of the next 5 paragraphs.
Many foreign teachers are amazed at the number of absences that Omani students think are
acceptable when they come off to college. In most countries around the world, no student are allowed
to miss more than two to five percent of their classes in a semester. Students at SCT are permitted to
miss up to fifteen percent of their classes in a single semester. There are many bad effects of missing
too many classes at SCT. Here are the three most important bad effects of missing too many classes
and not practicing enough English.
First, the most important reason that students hurt themselves when they dont attend class is
that they do not spend enough time speaking, writing, listening, reading, and practicing English
language and vocabulary. When time-spent-practicing English per-student is too low, students cannot
move from one level to the next in the Foundation program easily. If they are lucky enough to pass to a
higher level or even to pass all four levels in the Foundation English, the students have either cheated
or depended too much on others to do their work, i.e. students are not passing exams and foundation
levels through their own effort. So, the students are not becoming responsible adults, e.g. responsible
for their own marks or grades.
Second, because it is often true that students who do not attend classes regularly at the
Foundation level either cheat or depend on others to do their work for them, these same students have
trouble in all of their Post-Foundations courses, too. Students have trouble in their post-foundation
courses because their English skills and math skills are weak. Soon they may not pass the other SCT
courses nor get good grades. This means that the recommendations from professors will not be very
good. That will make it harder to find a job.
Third, because of low attendance and other bad study habits, some students actually will either
leave SCT during the Foundation or Post-Foundation period. Others will continue to fail too many
exams. Others simply will miss too many classes. Others give up hope and stop going to college.
Many of these students then have trouble getting the career or jobs that they have dreamt of getting.
This is very sad or tragic.
In conclusion, attendance is very important for students at SCT, but too many students do not
take attendance nor practice of English and study of English or math seriously. It is very important for
students to have high attendance rates and to spend as much time practicing English (and math)
regularly. I believe that both in the Foundation level and in the Post-Foundation level students must
have good attendance and good study habits.
Chronological topic sentences
1. In the part of forty five years, developments in the field of electronics have
revolutionized the computer industry
2. A persons intelligent is the product of both heredity and environment.
3. The tensions that led to last years student riots had been building for several
years.
4. The two most important holidays in the United States , first, and, second,
Christmas, and, second, Thanksgiving.
5. There are two main reason I believe women should be drafted into the army
along with men.
6. To make a perfect cup of coffee, follow these easy directions.
7. Surviving a major earthquake is possible if you follow certain procedures.
Logical Division and Order of Importance Topic Sentences
1. My eighteen birthday was a day I will never forget.
2. On his eighteen birthday, an American male receives two important rights/
responsibilities; he can vote and ha can drafted into army.
3. Earthquake prediction is still an inexact science although seismologists learn
more each time they monitor a quake.
4. A computer is both faster and more accurate than a human.
5. Teenagers demonstrate their rebellious attitude in several days.
6. Small cars have three advantages over large ones.
7. A college degree in international business today requires, first, a knowledge of
business procedures and, second a knowledge of cultural differences in
business methods.
8. Living in a dormitory offers three advantages to a newly arrived foreign student.
Concrete support
One of the biggest problems in student writing is that student writers
often fail to prove their points. They fail because they do not support
their points with concrete details. A paragraph contains concrete
support for their topic sentence. Support your topic sentence by
using specific and factual detail.
Lets identify the following sentences:
Which sentence to be said as a fact and which one to said as an
opinion
1. At sea level, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
2. Women live longer that men.
3. Lung cancer among women is increasing.
4. Men are better drivers than women.
5. Engineering students do not need to take a lot of English courses.
6. Indonesians are very friendly people.
Fact : objective statements of truth.
Opinion: subjective statements based on a persons
beliefs or attitudes.
Now, lets do the following exercises. State your answer.
1. Smoking is relaxing
2. Cigarette smoke causes chemical changes in your lung cells

which can lead to lung disease and cancer.

3. Dr. Parker, a well-known cancer specialist, recently admitted
in an interviewed, Although I see a harmful effects of
smoking nearly every day in my work, I still enjoy relaxing
with a cigarette after dinner.
4.Young men between the ages of 16 and 30 should be
required to take a drivers training class, which emphasizes
safety and responsibility.
5. Young men between the ages of 16 and 30 are reckless
drivers.
6. Young men who take a drivers training class will become
safer drivers.
Step 1 Decide which of the following statements is an opinion, a fact that
needs proof, or a specific supporting detail. Write
0 for opinion
F-NP for fact that needs proof
SSD for specific supporting detail
The first three have been done for you as examples.
F-NP 1. People who steal identities do a lot of damage before
their victims become aware of it. (The writer could give an
example of a person who was victimized before noticing it.)
o 2. Punishment for identity thieves is not severe enough.
(The writer could give an example of a typical punishment.)
SSD 3. Last year, the losses of victims totaled more than $7 billion.

____4. Identity theft is more serious than any other type of theft.
____5. Identity theft is increasing at a rapid pace.
____6. In 2000, 31,000 cases of identity theft were reported to the
Federal Trade Commission(FTC); in 2003, the number was
210,000.
____7. Most people do not report identity theft to the police.
____8. In 2003, 60percentof identity theft victims did not notify the
police, according to the FTC.
____9. Identity theft happens to ordinary people, not just to the wealthy.
____10. As grocery clerk Sue Jamison reported, "My wallet was
stolen, and within a week, the thieves had ordered an expensive
cell phone package, applied for a VISA credit card, and
received a PIN from the Department of Motor Vehicles to
change my driving record online."
____11. It is easy for a thief to use the U.S. Postal Service to steal
identities.
____12. For example, thieves steal credit card statements from
mailboxes, and then send a change-of-address card to the postal
service to have future statements sent to a different address.
____13. Most victims of identity theft are young adults.
____14. The Federal Trade Commission reports that there were more
victims in the age group 18-29 than in any other group.
____15. The police should do more to protect citizens from identity
theft.
____16. "You cannot prevent identity theft entirely, but you can
minimize your risk," according to the Federal Trade J:ommis-Sion
booklet Facts for Consumers."
____17. Most identity thieves operate in large, organized gangs.
 Making an Essay
An essay is a piece of writing several
paragraphs long instead of just one or
two paragraphs. Writing an essay is no
more difficult than that of paragraph
except that an essay is longer. The
principles of organization are the same
for both, so if you can write a good
paragraph, you can write a good essay.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. The introduction is usually one paragraph.
B. It may begin with a broad, general statement
that should contain at least one major element

from the thesis (usually a noun); or it may

begin with an interest device.
C. The introduction narrows to a single idea,
which is the thesis statement.
D. It creates interest, drawing the reader into the
topic.
 An introductory paragraph
Living things often depend on each other to survive. In some
places, such as the oceans and tropical forests, thousands of
species may be living together in this way. These living creatures
also interact with the nonliving, or inorganic, things around
them. Such areas of close interdependence in nature are known
as ecosystems. These ecosystems, however, do more than
support the plants and animals that live in them. They also
influence the environment of the entire planet. The ecosystems
of tropical rain forests, for example, protect the entire planet by
returning water to the air as vapor and by providing much of the
oxygen that we breathe. One of the largest of these is the rain
forest of the Amazon River Basin in Brazil. This forest is almost
as large as the United States. It protects many unique species,
and it plays a major role in controlling the earths atmosphere
and weather. However , it is being destroyed to provide farm
land. Little is being done to prevent this destruction. Many
people do not seem to understand that the failure to preserve
the amazon rain forest could have serious consequences for all
living things.
 A person born in the 20th century has
seen a lot of changes take place in the
areas of human life. Some people are
excited by the challenges that these
changes offer; others want to return to the
simpler, less automated life style of the
past. Living in the 20th century has certain
advantages such as a higher standard of living,
but also has some disadvantages such as a
polluted environment, the depersonalization of
human relationships, and the weakening of
spiritual values.
II. BODY PARAGRAPH(S)
A. The number of body paragraphs is determined by the information to
be presented.
B. Each body paragraph contains one major point or one major
argument.
C. A point developed at length should be divided into more than one
paragraph.
D. Minor points may be grouped in a single body paragraph.
E. The strongest point appears in the final body paragraph.
F. Each body paragraph contains transitions to help the thought of the
essay flow smoothly from one paragraph to the next. (See next
section, "Useful Transitions.")
G. Each body paragraph should have:
1. A topic sentence to identify the main point of the paragraph.
2. Specific illustrations of the topic idea. These often include
quoted material.
3. An evaluation of how and why the specific illustrations explain

the idea of the paragraph and how and why they prove the
thesis
CONCLUSION
The conclusion may restate the thesis in an
interesting way and end with a summary
statement, opinion, final emphasis, or
implication. It may also include a brief
summary of major points made in the body
paragraphs. No new material should be
introduced in the conclusion. (Note: At the
high school level the conclusion paragraph
may be used to make connections to other
ideas or works.)
 A concluding paragraph.
In conclusion, although the 20th century has
indeed given us a lot of advantages by making us
richer, healthier, and freer to enjoy our lives, it has, in
my opinion, not made us wiser. The 20th has also
made our earth dirtier, our people less humane, and
our spiritual lives poorer. We should continue to
enjoy the benefit of technological advancements
because they free us to pursue our interests and
goals. However, we must make a concerted effort to
preserve our lives more meaningful in increasingly
impersonal, mechanized world.
Pollution
Pollution is an issue of concern in the modern world that we live in today. There are many types of pollution, namely air, water
and noise. Pollution in our environment will undoubtedly affect our quality of life. Our naturally beautiful world becoming ugly
because it is suffering from the effects of environmental pollution. Pollution can also cause various health problems and other
negative effects.
Air pollution is caused by the emission of toxic gases from vehicles, factories and open burning. Nowadays, there are more and
more vehicles on the road as society gets more affluent. More and more people strive to have a better quality of life by having the
convenience of driving to their destinations instead of taking public transportation. Automobiles provides transport to millions people
around the world to enable them to travel to their workplace, school and other places, therefore, the air around us is getting more
polluted by the carbon dioxide that is emitted. Carbon monoxide is another type of gas which harmful to the environment as it can
cause the reduction of oxygen in the bloodstream.

Another example of contributor to the air pollution is the manufacturing factories. The manufacturing of products in factories to
meet the growing demand of society is also causing air pollution. Factories release toxic gases to the environment. Some factories
also use coal to generate heat and energy. As a result from the burning of coal, carbon dioxide is released into the environment.
Besides factories, many people are still practising open burning as a way of disposing their household wastes. Although burning
our household wastes is a convenient way of getting rid of our rubbish, it is harmful to the environment as it contributes to the
worsening of the air quality. As a result, air pollution causes people to suffer from health problems such as chest pain and asthma. In
extreme cases, people can contract lung cancer

Water pollution is also a problem that we are currently facing. The marine life is the first to suffer from water pollution as they
depend on the nutrients in the water to survive. As a result, we are robbed of beautiful sea corals and unique species of fishes.
Besides ruining our marine heritage, the disappearance of marine life will affect the livelihood of fishermen, not to mention our
source of food. Water pollution is caused by harmful waster from industries, farms and sewerage systems which are dumped into
our sources of water such as rivers and lakes. This irresponsible act contaminates our drinking water and can cause serious health
problems and can even culminate in death.

Noise pollution is another form of pollution. Noise from heavy machinery and vehicles can cause hearing problems and in
extreme cases, deafness. As there is growing number of vehicles on the road, we are exposed to noise pollution every day. The
government in advanced countries encourage their citizens to take the public buses and trains by providing an affordable and
efficient transportation system. This effort discourages people from driving their private vehicles and consequently reduces the
number of vehicles on the road.

We must work together to reduce pollution so that the future gener ations can live in a healthy, unpolluted
environment. As the saying goes, precaution is better than cure. Lets hands on hands together by
recycle and conserve the world for the better future.
Are you concerned about climate change? This is a question asked around the world as weather
conditions become more extreme and cause more damage to areas inhabited by people, plants,
and animals. Is human activity the cause of climate change? If so, what effect will this have on the
planet? If the climate is actually changing, is there anything that we can do about it?
Scientists believe global warming is caused by human activity, and this leads to climate change.
As fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and gas are burned to produce energy, carbon dioxide (CO2) is
released into the atmosphere. These CO2 emissions have a direct impact on air temperature by
absorbing and retaining more energy from the sun. This is also known as the "Greenhouse Effect."
Scientists have detected a measurable increase in both CO2 emissions and in the average air
temperatures around the world over the last 100 years. The relationship between the two is clear,
but ignoring the effects of global warming could have devastating consequences.
Worldwide, increasing air temperatures have resulted in more precipitation in some areas while
other areas have become drier. The severity of strong storms and high winds has increased. Ice
that normally remains intact year round at the North Pole is melting, creating more open water
which absorbs more heat. Permafrost in Canada and Greenland is also showing signs of melting. All
of these events indicate a warming planet.
Despite an abundance of evidence that climate change is now upon us, there are many who
remain skeptical of the science. However, time is of the essence and we need to start changing our
behavior immediately while the science is still being debated. The prudent thing to do now is to
develop alternatives to coal and gas consumption. Not only does this improve air quality, it also
becomes a source for new jobs and clean industries that produce solar, wind, and geothermal
energy. Additionally, the construction industry has seen a boom in recent years of new, dense
housing located closer to places where people work. It has also been shown that corporations and
consumers can save money by recycling, by reusing once-discarded materials, and by reducing
waste. Actions taken to reduce a carbon footprint become a "win" for all who are involved.
Ultimately, the truth of the situation will be revealed. Scientists acknowledge that the Earth's
climate naturally changes over long durations of time; however, careful measurements of air and
soil samples show that human activity has greatly accelerated climactic changes in a short amount
of time. The planet is now covered with cities, highways, machines, and human beings whose
activities are directly impacting the environment. To say that the presence of nearly seven billion
people does not have an impact on the Earth's ecosystem is to live in denial of the facts and the
evidence that prove the Earth's climate is, indeed, changing.
Renewable resources of energy (Sun, wind, water) will soon replace fossils fuels
such as gases, oil, and coal. Do you agree or disagree?
Although renewable resources of energy are elements of the current and future
energy strategy, as far as I'm concerned, these new forms of energy cannot soon
replace fossil fuels such as gases, oil, and coal.
Firstly, due to the limitation of technology renewable resources are relatively
expensive. Researches in renewable energy cost a huge amount of money which
developing countries cannot afford. On the other hand, fossil fuels are abundant and
inexpensive in many areas. For example, it is estimated that China has the largest
deposit of coal in the world and the government does not want to invest too much
money on new forms of energy, say expensive solar batteries and wind farms. Thus
the plan of renewable resources of energy may face challenges in that not every
country can afford the reforming.
Besides, although utility companies claim that renewable energy is
environmentally friendly; these new forms of energy may not be as clean and green
as we think. Latest studies have shown that these renewable resources of energy
are problematic as well and they are very likely to pose lone-term environmental
hazards. For example, the dams built for hydroelectricity influence the water flows
of the rivers and sometimes cause drought in areas in front of the dams. This
damages the habitats of many valuable fish and wading birds. More importantly, the
accumulation of heavy metal in the silt on the bottom of the rivers behind the dams
is extremely difficult and expensive to clean up; leaving problems for the following
generations. Thus renewable resources are not as reliable as we think.
Admittedly contemporarily fossil fuels cause serious environmental conundrums
such as acid rain, deduction of ozone layer and global warming; these problems can
be solved by improving efficiency of the mechanism and reducing emissions. For
example we can use chemicals to desulfurize the emissions from plants and vehicles
to avoid acid rain. These improving methods are often cheaper and simpler
compared to the high-tech of renewable energy. With these solutions fossil fuels
seem more sustainable.
In conclusion as promising as renewable resources of energy sound, there is no
way those new forms of energy will replace fossil fuels soon.
 Medical Advances: An Important Change of the Twentieth Century
There were many important changes, both technological and cultural, during the twentieth century. In my
opinion, the most important of these is the advances that were made in medical science. The development
of vaccines and antibiotics, increased access to health care, and improvements in surgical techniques are all
things that improved, and saved, the lives of people all around the world.
Vaccines and antibiotics have saved the lives of many people. Fifty years ago, many people became
crippled or died from polio. Now the polio vaccine is available everywhere. In the past, people could die from
even simple injections.- Now penicillin and other antibiotics make it easy to cure infections.
Increased access to health care bas also improved the lives of millions of people. In the past, many
people lived far from hospitals or clinics. Now hospitals, clinics, and health centers have been built in many
parts of the world. More people have the opportunity to visit a doctor or nurse before they become very sick.
They can be treated more easily. They are sick less and this leads to a better quality of life.
Improved surgical techniques make it easier to treat many medical problems. Microscopic and laser
surgery techniques are more efficient than older methods. It is easier for the doctor to perform them, and
easier for the patient to recover. Surgery. patients can return to their normal life more quickly now than they
could in the past.
Everybody needs good health in order to have a good quality of life. Advances in medical science have
improved the lives of people all around the world. They are improvements that are important to everyone.
Three Reasons People Attend College

People attend college for a lot of different reasons. I believe that the three most common reasons are to
prepare for a career, to have new experiences, and to increase their knowledge of themselves and of the world
around them.
Career preparation is probably the primary reason that people attend college. These days, the job
market is very competitive. Careers such as information technology will need many new workers in the near
future. At college, students can learn new skills for these careers and increase their opportunities for the
future.
Students also go to college to have new experiences. For many, it is their first time away from home. At
college, they can meet new people from many different places. They can see what life is like in a different city.
They can learn to live on
their own and take care of themselves without having their family always nearby.
At college, students have the opportunity to increase their knowledge. As they decide what they want to
study, pursue their studies, and interact with their class-mates, they learn a lot about themselves. They also, of
course, have the opportunity to learn about many subjects in their classes. In addition to the skills and
knowledge related to their career, college students also have the chance to take classes in other areas. For
many, this will be their last chance to study different subjects.
Colleges offer much more than career preparation. They offer the opportunity to have new experiences
and to learn many kinds of things. I think all of these are reasons why people attend college .
ESSAY
Many Academic writing assignments require that you explain ideas, opinion or
processes whether it is a paper or thesis. The Essay has:
1. A beginning : Called the introduction, this paragraph is the first
paragraph. It contains general and thesis statement.
2. A middle : Called the body of the essay, these paragraphs explain
define, clarify, illustrate the thesis sentence.
3. An end : Called the conclusion, this paragraph complete the
essay. Generally, this is a summary that conclude
what the writer said, explained in the body of the
essay.
II. The biggest advantage of living in the twentieth century is the high standard of living we enjoy.
A. More money for less hard work.
1. More office workers than manual laborers.
2. Higher salaries.
3. Increased government services.
a. Social security
b. Unemployment benefits
c. Disability insurance
B. Longer life expectancy
1. Better medical care
a. More hospitals, doctors, nurses
b. Advances in medical technology
2. Improved nutrition
3. More leisure time

C. Modern conveniences
1. Communication
a. Telephones
b. Cellular Phones
c. Radio and television
2. Labor-saving machines in the home
a. Dishwashers
b. Washing machines/dryers
c. Vacuum cleaners

3. Faster transportation

III. One of the main disadvantages of living in the twentieth century is that we are living in an increasingly polluted environment.
A. Air Pollution
1. smog
2. nuclear fallout
3. acid rain

B. Water pollution
1. Chemical wastes from factories
a. Dead fish
b. Contaminated drinking water supplies
2. Raw sewage from cities
3. Oil spills from ships
IV. A second disadvantage of living in the twentieth century is the depersonalization of human relationships.
A. People and machines
1. Automated vending machines, banks, etc.
2. Tape recorded telephone answering
3. Computerized dating services

B. People and numbers

1. American social security numbers
2. Credit card numbers

V. The final disadvantage of living in the twentieth century is the weakening of spiritual values.
A. Materialistic culture
B. Faith in science instead of in religion
THE ESSAY
An ESSAY is the written expression of the author's opinion. An opinion is one
person's idea of the truth. The opinion is informed; it is based on facts or
experience.
The THESIS of an essay is that opinion, condensed to a statement which is
reasonable, specific, and can be proven. The purpose of the essay is to defend,
explain, clarify, and illustrate the thesis.
In order to produce an effective essay, the writer needs to:

(1) Determine the Subject

Occasion
Audience
Purpose
Speaker
(2) Formulate a thesis. One method of arriving at a thesis:
1. Take an inventory of information based on facts and experiences.
2. Ask yourself general questions about the subject.
3. Seek relationships among these facts, experiences and questions.
4. Make a statement about these relationships as a tentative thesis.
5. Qualify the tentative thesis by limiting it to the area of discussion.
 (3) Develop the thesis by selecting appropriate
method(s) of organization and support. (See section on "Organizing Information and Ideas
Graphic Organizers") These include
-- :
1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Description
4. Analogy
5. Illustration
6. Comparison-Contrast
7. Cause-Effect
8. Analysis of Process
9. Chronology
10.Special Relationship
11.Problem-Solution
(4) Choose effective language for the purpose: formal, informal, colloquial,
clinical, specialized terminology, dialect.

(5) Engage the reader by making choices of diction, syntax, imagery, and details
to produce the appropriate tone for the audience and task.
FLEXTIME
One of the most important changes that management has made in
industry in recent years is the scheduling of flexible work hours for their
employees. Workers are given the option of choosing when they will work.
This allows them more leisure time for family and fun. Flextime has
obvious advantages for both workers and management although it
may not be practical in all type of businesses.

1. The first advantage is increased production per work hour.

2. A second advantage is that factory workers are happier.
3. In addition to increased output and worker satisfaction, factory
managers report that absenteeism has declined.

To summarize, flextime has resulted in increased production and happier

workers who are less likely to miss work, and it works well in
manufacturing and retail industries. It works less well in service industries
such as the restaurant and health care industries.
understanding normal spoken English on TV, at work, or in school? If you have, you are
not alone. Many beginning students of English have a difficult time learning to listen
in English. Listening can actually be one of the more difficult language skills to master,
but there are a number of strategies that can help you comprehend spoken English
better. These strategies could be broken down into pre-, while-, and post-listening
strategies.
The process of preparing yourself to listen to a TV program or classroom
lecture is sometimes just as important as the actual practice of listening. If you know
that a lecture or TV program is going to be on a particular subject, you can practice
the strategy of predicting. Predicting is when you try to guess what you will hear
before you actually hear it. If you think about a subject before you listen and predict
what is going to be said, you will understand more of the lecture or TV program as you
listen. Try asking yourself these questions before listening: What is the topic? What
do I already know about the topic? What do I need to know before I listen? What can I
predict will be said?
An excellent while-listening strategy is the practice of making guesses about
what you hear. Oftentimes, people do not need to understand or hear every word of a
lecture, conversation, or TV show to understand the main idea of what is being said.
Some ways of making good guesses in listening is to first pay attention to the
speakers gestures and facial expressions. These things can often communicate more
than the words people say. To practice this strategy, try listening to a video without
sound. Pay careful attention to the speakers gestures and facial expressions. As you
watch, try guessing what the speakers are saying. When you are finished watching,
rewind the tape to see if your guesses are correct. You will probably be surprised at
how much you were able to understand just by guessing!
An important post-listening strategy that will help you become a better
listener is evaluating. You need to check to see if you what you understood from the
TV program, lecture, or conversation is correct. To do this, you can ask a classmate or
co-worker to summarize what you just heard. By doing this, you will be able to
determine whether or not you are making progress in your listening skills or if you
need to adjust your goals and expectations.
Learning to comprehend normal spoken English can sometimes be a difficult
 How a Solar Hot Water System Works.
A solar water system collects and converts solar radiation into usable energy for the purpose
of heating water. The use of solar radiation for heating water is an inexpensive and
environmentally responsible substitute for heating by gas or electricity. The main parts of a solar
hot water system are collector, a hot water storage tank, and distribution system. The main steps
in the process of heating water by using the suns rays are (1) trapping the suns energy, (2)
heating and storing the hot water, and (3) dispensing the water at points of use.
The first step is to capture solar radiation. That is , the suns energy must be absorbed
by a solar heat collector, which is usually built on a south-facing roof. The collector has several
layers of material. It has a glass plate and a metal absorber plate, which is painted black to
increase its ability to absorb heat. Next to the absorber plate are copper tubes, which are filed with
transfer fluid. The tubes are surrounded by foam insulation and aluminum casing to help hold the
heat in them. The process of trapping the suns radiation is as follows. As the sun shines through
the glass plate, its thermal energy is absorbed by the copper absorber plate. This heat is
conducted from the plate to the tubes. The heat from the tubes is then conducted to the fluid
flowing through them.
After trapping heat from the sun, the second step is to transfer this heat to water which
is stored in an insulated tank. The hot fluid from the collector is circulated by pump though copper
coils inside the tank. The heat is conducted by coils to the water. When the supply of solar
radiation is reduced on cloudy days, an auxiliary system can take over.
Dispensing the hot water is the final step in the process. The water flows the outlet
valve through pips to faucets throughout the house
In summary, the process of collecting and converting solar energy for use in a solar hot
water system involves three steps. First, collectors absorb the suns energy, which is then
transferred to fluid in copper tubes. These tubes run from he collector to a tank, where the water is
heated and stored. Finally, the hot water is distributed through pipes to whichever it is needed.
Although initially expensive to install, a solar heating system are economical in the long run at
least until utility companies figure out how to change us for sunshine.
These are some of the more obvious issues. Every company should develop a list of its own
questions and standardize them into a report format that everyone can use. Product
definition is best done by the project's multifunctional team, not just the marketing or sales
representative.

A product definition will need more or less detail, depending on the degree of "newness" of
the product that is being developed. For example, a line extension or improvement of a
product that is currently being sold will require less detail with its product definition than a
product that is truly new to the company.

When completed, the product definition ultimately leads to a list of product features, those
attributes and benefits of a product that satisfy specific customer needs. These are the
features that the customer is willing to pay for. For every product, there should be a list of
critical features and a list of desired features. At minimum, the new product should possess
all of the critical features.

Design specifications are something else; they are a set of drawings, dimensions, formulas,
processes, tolerances, bills of material and whatever else it takes to describe the physical
attributes of the product. Design specifications cannot be finalized until after the product
features have been defined and prototypes have been made and tested.

When defining the product, it's important to focus on needs and benefits before trying to list
product features. Focusing on features too early can lead to a disconnect between the
customer and the new product. If features are identified before customer needs have been
articulated, unnecessary features may be added to a product, adding unnecessary design
constraints and extra costs.
 Advertisement can be an expensive and Risky form of communication
because in a very short period of time and using a limited amount of space, you
have to convey and communicate a positive message. Advertising is sold
according to the size and numbers of colors in which it is printed and the size of
the readership. For instance, an advertisement in a large national newspaper is
extremely expensive while advertisements in a regional publication, whose
readership will be limited, are less expensive.
The copy and heading are often the most important in the preparation of
advertisements. Nevertheless, the designer has a crucial role in presenting , in a
space chat will be predetermined by cost, the elements chat are also to be used in
the advertisement.
The essence of good advertising design is clear and uncluttered presentation.
The use of well-considered typefaces is most important and, if photographs and
illustration are to be included. These should be relevant, clear, and in harmony
with subject or product being advertised. A note of cautions: always be aware of
that your design may have to appear in several different publications when it will
occupy a variety of shapes and sizes, so ensure that it is flexible and that the
elements can be adapted for different sizes.
Finally, if you design small advertisements that are placed close to reading
matter, you may be wise to incorporate into your design some device, such as a
border, to separate your valuable space from the text surrounding it. Most
advertisements will appear in black and white; which gives the designer an
opportunity to experiment in tone.
The Importance of Good Product Definition

Starting a development project is relatively straight forward. Pick the team, let them define their project plan and
empower them to march forward until the project is completed. Is that all there is to it? Not by a long shot.
There are many important steps along the way. In this newsletter, we'll focus our attention on one of these
important steps, the need for a good product definition at an early stage in the project cycle.

Until the product has been defined, the team won't know have a good idea of what exactly it has to develop. This
seems so obvious, yet in my experience, many project teams don't do a good job of defining the product. As a
result, when the product finally is developed, it misses the mark by a long shot. Customers are not pleased and
company personnel are unhappy.

A clear and complete product definition is an essential aspect of any development project. When defining the
product, the following questions should be considered as early as possible:

-- Who are the customers?

-- What do we know about the customers?
-- Who has a vested interest in the project?
-- How will the product be positioned in the marketplace?
-- What are the product's competitive advantages?
-- What customer needs will this product satisfy?
-- What unambiguous benefits will the product deliver to
the customers?
-- What do the customers need or want with regard to
product attributes and benefits (product features)?
-- How much are the customers willing to pay for this
product?
-- When is the product needed?
-- How will we reach the customers with the product?
-- How will we promote the product?
-- What is the use environment of the product?
Industrial design is an applied art whereby the
aesthetics and usability of products may be
improved. Design aspects specified by the industrial
designer may include the overall shape of the
object, the location of details with respect to one
another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects
concerning the use of the product ergonomics.
Additionally the industrial designer may specify
aspects concerning the production process, choice
of materials and the way the product is presented
to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of
industrial designers in a product development
process may lead to added values by improved
usability, lowered production costs and more
appealing products.