Periodic Tables of the

Elements
Elements in a Period
 Introduction
Periods are horizontal rows in the
Periodic Table.
There are 7 periods in the Periodic
Table.
When crossing the periods from left
to right, the proton number of the
elements will increases by one unit.
 Eleme Sodiu Magn Alumin Silic Phosp Sulph Chlori Argo
nt m esium ium on horus ur ne n

Symbo Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
l
Proton 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
numbe
r
Electro 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
n
arrang
ement
Metal Semi- Non- Non- Non- Non-
Metal Metal Metal
properties metal metal metal metal metal
 Properties of elements across
Period 3 (from left to right)
All the atoms of the elements have
three shells occupied with electrons.
Atomic radius (atomic size) of
elements decrease.
-The proton number increases by one from one element to
the following element. This cause the positive charge of
the nucleus to increase.
-The force of attraction of nucleus on the electrons of
three shells increases.
-The increase of the force of attraction of nucleus on the
electrons, causes the atomic size to decrease.
 Electronegativity (tendency to
receive electrons) of the elements
increases.
-The atomic size decreases.
-Forces of attraction of nucleus with the outer electron will
increases.
-thus, the atom will easily accept electrons to achieve
stability (octet electron arrangement).
 Melting point and boiling points of
elements increase from sodium to
silicon.
The melting points and boiling points
start to decrease from phosphorus to
argon.
Properties of elements change from
metal to semi metal and finally to non-
metal.
Changes in oxide properties
across period 3 (left to right)
The property of the oxide of elements
changes from basic to amphoteric and
then to acidic.
Metal oxides are basic while oxides of non-
metal are acidic.
Metal oxides which show only basic
properties are called basic metal oxides.
Non-metal oxides which show only acidic
properties are called acidic non-metal
oxides.
 An oxide which shows both
properties of acid and base is called
m
amphoteric.
Sodiu Magnesi Alumini Silicon(I Phospho Sulphu Dichlori
um um V) rus r ne
oxide, oxide, oxide, oxide, pentoxid dioxide heptoxi
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 e, , de,
P4O10 SO2 Cl2O7
base base can Amphote
Metal oxides Acidto form alkaline
dissolve in water Acid Acid
solutions. Acid
ric
Non-metal oxides can dissolve in water to form acidic solutions.
Use of semi-metal elements
Semi-metals or metalloids showing both metal
and non-metal properties.
Semi-metals elements : silicon, Si and germanium, Ge.
Semi-metals are used as semiconductors.
Semiconductors are used as:
> to make diodes and transistors.
> making of microchips for the manufacture
of computer, phones and other microelectronic
equipments.
 Questions
Element Proton number
P 16
Q 17

The table above shows element P and Q with their proton numbers.
a) Write the electron arrangement of P and Q.
b) Between P and Q, which is more electronegative? Give your reasons.