INGENIERIA DE MATERIALES II

FUNDAMENTOS DE LA
INGENIERIA MATERIALES
Diagrama de fases binario
PPT 3
Esta ppt esta basada en las ctedras y presentaciones de :
Dr Christopher Blanford
Dr Zhu Liu
Dr Enrique Jimenez-melero
Ademas de libros como:
Ciencia de Materiales para ingenieros, Shackelford.
Fundamentos de la ciencia e ingeniera de materiales, Smith.
Shreirs Corrosion, Bob Cottis, et all

La informacin aqu contenida es CONFIDENCIAL, y no puede ser distribuida ni usada por terceros sin autorizacin
previa.

TESA
Temario
1. Unary phase diagrams

2. Binary phase diagrams

1. Solid solution

2. Lever rule calculation

3. Microstructure development in isomorphous alloys

4. Eutectic system

5. Systems with compound formation

6. Peritectic reactions

7. Eutectoid reactions
8. The Fe-C phase diagram
 Introduction
Some definitions
System: a specific body of material under consideration (e.g. a ladle
of molten steel), or the series of possible alloys consisting of the
same components, but without regard to alloy composition (e.g. the
ironcarbon system).

Phase: a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical

and chemical characteristics.

Components: pure metals and/or compounds of which an alloy is

composed. For example, in a copperzinc brass, the components
are Cu and Zn.

Solubility limit (at a given temperature): maximum concentration

of solute atoms that may dissolve in the solvent to form a solid
solution.
 Introduction
Nucleation and Development of
Microstructure
Unary (single element) Phase Diagrams
Typical and H2O
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Freezing Curves
The simplest binary phase
diagrams are obtained when
there is only one liquid and
one solid phase.
For only one solid phase to
occur there must be full
solubility over the full
composition range.
Components must have
similar ionic radii and
crystal structures.
Start with Solid Solution
Freezing Curves (example
Cu-Ni)
Binary (two element) Solid Solution
Phase Diagrams
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Cu-Ni phase diagram
 Binary (two element) (Inverse) Lever
Phase Diagrams rule calculation
Determination of the composition and amounts of co-existing phases

Locate
temperature and
composition in
diagram
In the two phase
region, draw a tie
line
Fraction of phase
present depends on
ratio of parts of
the tie line
Binary (two element) (Inverse) Lever
Phase Diagrams rule calculation

Mass fractions:

Volume fractions:

(in this case, L = )

Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Cu-Ni phase diagram

Solid solution strengthening

 Ejercicio.
Una aleacin del sistema A-B descrito por la Figura
9.25 se obtiene al fundir partes iguales de A y A2B.
Descrbase de forma cualitativa la evolucin
microestructural que experimenta la aleacin
durante el enfriamiento lento desde el estado
lquido.
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Microstructure development in isomorphous alloys

Typical
systems: Cu-Ni;
Ag-Al
Composition of
the liquid phase
and solid phase
change with
temperature
(defined by tie
line) during
cooling
This is for
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Microstructure
development in
isomorphous alloys: non-
equilibrium cooling

If cooling is
rapid the centre
of grain
solidifies first
with
compositional
gradient to the
edge; leads to
cored structures
and possibly
poor mechanical
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems

It is unusual for two systems to be

completely soluble in each other; usually only
possible to dissolve a limited amount of one
phase in the other before a new phase forms.
Typical diagrams are shown on the next
slides.

Note: over a wide range of compositions,

solidification of the alloy occurs at a
fixed temperature, the eutectic
temperature.

Four main regions in the diagram

Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems (Sistema Eutectico)

Copper Silver phase diagram

 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems Lead Tin phase diagram
(Sistemas eutectico)

TE

Eutectic Invariant or
isotherm Eutectic
point

CE

Invariant or eutectic point: CE, TE

Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Features of eutectic phase
diagrams (see Cu-Ag and Pb-Sn)
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic phase diagrams
general rules

The melting point of the eutectic alloy is lower than that

of the components
A maximum of two phases can be in equilibrium within a
phase field
Single phase regions are separated by two phase regions
DIAGRAMA DE FASE (panorama)

Determine las
Determine las proporciones
proporciones dede fases
fases lquida
lquida yy slida
slida para
para la
la composicin
composicin de
de 50%
50% de
de nquel
nquel
del sistema
del sistema cobre-nquel
cobre-nquel aa la
la temperatura
temperatura de de 11 260
260 C
C (2
(2 300
300 F).
F).
 INTRODUCCION
DIAGRAMA DE FASE

Se enfra
Se enfra lentamente
lentamente 1 1 kg
kg de
de la
la aleacin
aleacin mostrada
mostrada en en la
la Figura
Figura hasta
hasta que
que la
la
composicin de
composicin de la
la fase
fase lquida
lquida es
es de
de un
un 18
18 por
por ciento
ciento en
en peso
peso del
del
componente B
componente B yy la
la de
de la
la solucin
solucin slida
slida es
es de
de un
un 66
66 por
por ciento
ciento en
en peso
peso del
del
componente B.
componente B. Calclese
Calclese la la cantidad
cantidad de
de cada
cada una
una de
de las
las fases
fases
DIAGRAMA DE FASE

Determine las
Determine las proporciones
proporciones dede fases
fases lquida
lquida yy slida
slida para
para la
la composicin
composicin de
de 50%
50% de
de nquel
nquel
del sistema
del sistema cobre-nquel
cobre-nquel aa la
la temperatura
temperatura de de 11 260
260 C
C (2
(2 300
300 F).
F).
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems

B
C

For points A, B and C determine compositions

(wt.%) and amounts of phases present.
 Exercise
For a 40 wt.% Sn-60 wt.% Pb alloy at 150C:

(a)what phase(s) is (are) present?

(b) what is (are) the composition(s) of the

phase(s)?

(c) Calculate the relative amount of each phase in

terms of mass fraction and volume fraction.
()At 150C take the densities of Pb and Sn to be
()11.23 and 7.24 g/cm3, respectively.
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectic systems microstructure development

L+L+
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Solidification at the eutectic composition

L+
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Solidification at the eutectic composition
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Microstructures in eutectic systems:
compositions other than the eutectic

L + L +
Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Calculation of relative amounts of micro-
constituents (eutectic comp= 61.9% Sn)
 Realice un anlisis de fases de la solidificacin (ideal) en el equilibrio de las aleaciones estao-
plomo en los siguientes puntos a partir del diagrama de fases de plomo-estao de la figura
a) En la composicin eutctica justo debajo de 183C (temperatura eutctica).
b) En el punto c a 40% Sn y 230C
c) En el punto d a 40% Sn y 183C + T.
d) En el punto e a 40% Sn y 183C T.
Un kilogramo de una aleacin de 70 por ciento en Pb y 30 por ciento en Sn, se enfra lentamente a
partir de 300C. Utilice el diagrama de fases estao-plomo de la figura y calcule lo siguiente:
a) El porcentaje en peso del lquido y del proeutctico alfa a 250C.
b) El porcentaje en peso del lquido y del proeutctico alfa justo por encima de la
temperatura eutctica (183C) y el peso en kilogramos de esas fases.
c) El peso en kilogramos de alfa y beta formados por la reaccin eutctica.
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Systems with compound formation

All previous systems have involved only

elements as end members. When one or both
constituents is a compound the same features
appear in the phase diagrams.In addition we
frequently find that one or more compounds are
formed, signified by a vertical line in the phase
diagram.

These compounds has distinct chemical

formulas

See Mg-Pb (e.g. Mg2Pb), Ga-As, BaO-TiO2 etc

Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Systems with compound
formation

Intermetallic
compound
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Peritectic reactions (Reaccin Peritectica)

A solid phase and a

liquid phase can
together form a
second solid phase
at a particular
composition and
temperature upon
cooling.

See Fe-C system

 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Peritectic reactions
An invariant point at which on heating a solid transforms into one
solid and one liquid phase. E.g. at point P above:
 Binary (two element) Phase Diagrams
Eutectoid reactions (Reaccin Eutectoide)

A eutectoid
(eutectic like)
reaction occurs from
one solid phase to
two solid phases (for
example
+)
At the
eutectoid point
three solid
phases are in
equilibrium
Both eutectic and
eutectoid in diagram
Summary of types of 3 phase reactions
The Fe-C phase diagram
Eutectic: 4.30 wt.%C, 1147C
L + Fe3C

Eutectoid: 0.77 wt.%C, 727C

(0.77wt.%C) (0.022 wt.%C) +
Fe3C
The Fe-C phase Microstructures in
diagram eutectoid Fe-C

Depends on
composition and
heat treatment
The Fe-C phase
diagram
Microstructures in
eutectoid Fe-C
0.76%C steel
composition: on Colonies of perlite
cooling forms
Redistribution
pearlite 2
of carbon atoms
layered structure by diffusion
of - ferrite and
cementite (Fe3C)
0.022%C in
ferrite and 6.67
wt.% C in
cementite (Fe3C)
The Fe-C phase Microstructures in hypoeutectoid steel
diagram + + Fe3C

(0.022 to 0.76 wt.%C)

The Fe-C phase diagram
Microstructures in hypoeutectoid steel
The Fe-C phase Microstructures in hypereutectoid steel
diagram Fe3C + + Fe3C

(0.76 to 2.14 wt.%C)

 The Fe-C phase diagram
Lever rule

HYPOEUTECTOID HYPEREUTECTOID
 Exercise
Un acero al carbono simple hipoeutectoide que se enfri lentamente desde la regin
austentica hasta la temperatura ambiente contiene 9.1% en peso de ferrita eutectoide.
Suponiendo que no hay cambio de estructura con el enfriamiento desde una temperatura
ligeramente inferior a la temperatura eutectoide hasta la temperatura ambiente, cul es el
contenido de carbono en el acero?
 Exercise
For a 99.65 wt.% Fe-0.35 wt.%C alloy at a
temperature just below the eutectoid, determine the
following:
(a) The fractions of total ferrite and cementite phases.
(b) The fraction of the proeutectoid ferrite and
perlite.
(c) The fraction of eutectoid ferrite.
 The Fe-C phase
diagram

eutectoid steel
(0.76 wt.%C)

hypoeutectoid steel
(0.38 wt.%C)

hypereutectoid
steel (1.4 wt.%C)
 Exercise
Analizar el siguiente diagrama Binario
 Exercise
Analizar el proceso de enfriamiento de la siguiente aleacin 25%B
 Fundiciones
Para 1 kg de una fundicin gris con un 3 por ciento
en peso de C, se pide calcular la cantidad de placas
de grafito presentes en la microestructura (a) a
1153 C y (b) a temperatura ambiente.