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Introduction Power Electronic 2003
Introduction Power Electronic 2003
INTRODUCTION TO
POWER ELECTRONICS
SYSTEMS
POWER POWER
INPUT OUTPUT
v,i
i i Power v,i o o
Processor
Source Load
measurement
Controller
reference
Building Blocks:
Input Power, Output Power
Power Processor
Controller
Static applications
involves non-rotating or moving mechanical
components.
Examples:
DC Power supply, Un-interruptible power
supply, Power generation and transmission
(HVDC), Electroplating, Welding, Heating,
Cooling, Electronic ballast
Drive applications
intimately contains moving or rotating
components such as motors.
Examples:
Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Air-
conditioning System, Pumps, Compressor,
Conveyer Belt (Factory automation).
AC voltage DC-DC
DIODE FILTER LOAD
RECTIFIER CONVERTER
AC LINE
VOLTAGE Vcontrol
(1 or 3 )
(derived from
feedback circuit)
Desired
temperature Indoor temperature
System and humidity Indoor
Controller sensors
Desired
humidity
TNB sine-wave
supply gives zero DC
component!
+ +
Vs Vo
We can use simple _ _
half-wave rectifier. A
fixed DC voltage is
now obtained. This is
a simple PE system.
Vo
vs
ig
t
ia
vo
+ +
vs vo
_ _
t
ig
1 Vm
Vo Vm sin t d t 1 cos
2 2
By controlling the firing angle, ,the output DC
voltage (after conversion) can be varied..
AC input DC output
DC to DC: CHOPPER
DC input DC output
DC to AC: INVERTER
DC input AC output
2. Environment issues
Nuclear safety.
Nuclear plants remain radioactive for thousands of
years.
Burning of fossil fuel
emits gases such as CO2, CO (oil burning), SO2, NOX
(coal burning) etc.
Creates global warming (green house effect), acid rain
and urban pollution from smokes.
Possible Solutions by application of PE. Examples:
Renewable energy resources.
Centralization of power stations to remote non-urban
area. (mitigation).
Electric vehicles.
PE is an interdisciplinary field:
Digital/analogue electronics
Power and energy
Microelectronics
Control system
Computer, simulation and software
Solid-state physics and devices
Packaging
Heat transfer
Vswitch= Vin
Vin
Power switch never
operates in linear
mode. SWITCH OFF (fully opened)
Power Diodes
Stud type
Hockey-puck
type
IGBT
Module type:
Full bridge and
three phase
IGCT
Integrated with
its driver
Power Electronics and 11
Drives (Version 3-2003).
Dr. Zainal
Salam, UTM-JB
Power Diode
Id
A (Anode)
+
Id Vd
_ Vr
Vf Vd
K (Cathode)
IF
trr= ( t2 - t0 )
t2
t0
VR
IRM
VRM
Snap-off
t0
VR
t1 t2
Soft-recovery
IF Sr= ( t2 - t1 )/(t1 - t0)
= 0.8
t1 t2
t0
VR
Fast recovery
Very low trr (<1us).
Power levels at several hundred volts and
several hundred amps
Normally used in high frequency circuits
Schottky
Very low forward voltage drop (typical 0.3V)
Limited blocking voltage (50-100V)
Used in low voltage, high current application
such as switched mode power supplies.
+ Ig>0
Vak Ig=0
Ig Ih
_ Vr
Ibo
G (Gate)
Vak
Vbo
K (Cathode)
+ t
+
vs vo
_ _ vo
ig
Inverter grade
used in inverter and chopper
Quite fast. Can be turned-on using force-
commutation method.
Light activated
Similar to phase controlled, but triggered by
pulse of light.
Normally very high power ratings
TRIAC
Dual polarity thyristors
IC
IC
B (base) +
VCE IB
_
IB
Driver IC1
Transistor IC Output
Transistor
B (base)
IC2
+
IB1 VCE
_
IB2
Biasing/ E (emitter)
stabilising
network
I c1 Ic2
I c I B1 I c1 I c 2 I B1
I B1 I B1
Ic2 I B2 I B1 I c1
1
1 2
I B2 I B1 I B1
1 2 1 1
1 2 1 2
Power Electronics and 21
Drives (Version 3-2003).
Dr. Zainal
Salam, UTM-JB
Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect
Transistor (MOSFET)
D (drain)
ID
ID
+
G (gate) VGS
+
VDS _
+ _
VGS
_
VDS
S (source)
IC
IC
G (gate) +
VCE VGE
_
+
VGE _
E (emitter)
VCE (sat) VCE
IGBT: symbol v-i characteristics
+ Ig>0 Ig=0
Vak Ih
_ Vr
Ibo
G (Gate)
Ig
Vak
Vbo
K (Cathode)
+
Vak
IGCT
_
Ig
K (Cathode)
IGCT: Symbol
Ratings:
Voltage: Vak<6.5kV; Current: Ia<4kA.
Frequency<1KHz. Currently 10kV device is being
developed.
Very low on state voltage: 2.7V for 4kA device
1GW
Thyristor
10MW
10MW GTO/IGCT
1MW
100kW IGBT
10kW
MOSFET
1kW
100W
R1 ig +
vak
-
Pulse source
R2 iak
From control
circuit D1 Q1 A1 To driver
Main losses:
forward conduction losses,
blocking state losses
switching losses
+Von
Ideal switch:
Zero voltage drop across it during turn-on (Von).
Although the forward current ( Ion ) may be
large, the losses on the switch is zero.
Real switch:
Exhibits forward conduction voltage (on state)
(between 1-3V, depending on type of switch)
during turn on.
Losses is measured by product of volt-drop
across the device Von with the current, Ion,
averaged over the period.
v P=vi
v i
i
Energy
time time
Ideal switch:
During turn-on and turn off, ideal switch requires
zero transition time. Voltage and current are switched
instantaneously.
Power loss due to switching is zero
Real switch:
During switching transition, the voltage requires
time to fall and the current requires time to rise.
The switching losses is the product of device
voltage and current during transition.
di
vin vs vce Ls vce
dt
di
vce vin Ls
dt
since di dt is negative (turning off)
di
vce vin Ls
dt
Power Electronics and 38
Drives (Version 3-2003).
Dr. Zainal
Salam, UTM-JB
RCD Snubbers
The voltage across the switch is bigger than the
supply (for a short moment). This is spike.
Ls
+
Vce
Vce rated
time